The different types of video modeling

The different types of video modeling Video modeling is an evidence based practice used to teach a variety of socially relevant behaviors for children with Autism. Many times children with Autism are visual thinkers and learners. They learn best when information is presented to them visually rather than orally. Using video modeling, the children are provided with a visual model of a peer, adult, or themselves engaging in the targeted behavior they are expected to learn. After watching the video several times, the children are provided with an opportunity to imitate and generalize the behavior observed on the video. A number of studies have shown that video modeling increases play conversations between children with Autism and adults and peers. Since children with Autism struggle with social skills, it is beneficial to teach them to initiate play with others. Video modeling produces faster acquisition of the behavior and greater generalization in children with Autism than live modeling and without the use of reinforcements or prompting. Studies have confirmed that with video modeling, verbalization and play actions was maintained over time. Video modeling can be implemented from early childhood to adulthood and taught by professionals and parents in a variety of settings. It can be used in the classroom and at home by the parents to teach new skills the child needs to be successful. A benefit of using video modeling is that it allows for parents, teachers, and people collaborating with the child to use the same method to teach targeted skills. It is difficult to learn and master a skill if the child is practicing different ways with different people. Because children with Autism have difficulties generalizing it is important to work together to teach targeted skills the same way. Video modeling allows for caregivers to do this. By everyone working together the child can learn the initial skill quicker and then work on generalization systematically. The child will experience success when everyone is working together, using the same video, and teaching the same skill the same way. Video modeling procedures have been used successfully to teach a variety of adaptive behaviors such as social, play, self care, and academic skills. Types of Video Modeling There are several types of video modeling that are used with children with Autism. The most common types of video modeling include basic video modeling, video self-modeling, point-of-view video modeling, and video prompting. Basic modeling involves recording either an adult or a peer modeling the targeted skill. The child watches this video at a later time. Video self-modeling records the child with Autism displaying the targeted skill. The child then watches themselves in the video at a later time. The point-of-view video modeling shows a video recorded from the perspective of the child with Autism. Video prompting is used when teaching a step by step skill. It is recorded by breaking the targeted skill into steps and pausing after steps to give the child with Autism an opportunity to practice each step. Many studies have found great success when combining models. Research A study by Macdonald (2009) evaluated the effects of video modeling has in teaching children with Autism to engage in reciprocal pretend play with their peers without disabilities. The play included verbal interactions and cooperative play. The study consisted of two pairs of children, one with Autism and a peer without Autism. The pair was shown a video consisting of two adults acting out the sequence of pretend play. The children were directed to play and their responses, actions, and verbalizations were recorded. Both pairs demonstrated successful gains of play actions and increased verbalization between peers. The performance was maintained over time. The results of this study concluded that video modeling produced sequences of reciprocal pretend play between children with Autism and their peers without Autism. In this study, video modeling was an efficient strategy for teaching cooperative play. The appropriate play skills were gained with short exposure of the video and in the absence of reinforcements and prompting. A study conducted by Allen et al. (2010) examined the effects video modeling had on teaching vocational skills to four young men with Autism. The participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ages ranged from 16-25 years old. Video modeling was used to teach the four adolescents to wear a WalkAround Mascot costume and entertain the customers in a store. The video for the training showed a mascot performing in a scripted and naturalistic setting. The participants watched the video twice and were then taken to the store to imitate for 10 minutes the behavior seen in the video. According to the results of this study, all participants learned to use the vocational skills after watching the video model. The young men enjoyed the experiment and reported they would be interested in continuing to perform at the store when the experiment would be over. Allen (2010) states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“video modeling was an effective way to teach adolescents and young adults with ASDs to perform a vocational task in a soc ial settingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . A study designed by Nikopoulos and Keenan (2007) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of video modeling on building sequences of social behaviors. The study included three boys with Autism from the ages of 6.5-7 years old. The boys were given common objects that included a ball, a table, two rags, a vacuum cleaner, a plant pot, and a jacket. These objects were selected because of familiarization and to avoid instructions of using the objects appropriately. The participants were shown the video and data was collected after 5 minutes by observing behaviors in the areas of social initiation, reciprocal play, imitative responses, and object engagement. The study data suggest that the participants were successful in building a sequence of social behaviors. All of the students performed the activities in the same sequence as presented in the video. The participantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s showed generalization across peers and the appropriate behaviors were maintained after the 2 month fo llow up period. Research proved that video modeling was successful for children with Autism in this study. In the presented studies, video modeling has proven to be effective on children and adolescent with Autism. Results from these studies have demonstrated success across different settings and with the application of different skills. The results have also indicated that video modeling teaches skills at a rapid pace and with short exposure to the videos. In conclusion, video modeling procedures have been used to successfully teach many types of skills and behaviors in the areas of academics, social, self-care, daily living, community, vocational, and play. When used effectively research has shown to produce more rapid acquisition and greater generalization than live modeling. Video modeling has also shown that prompting and reinforcement are not necessary to help children acquire the targeted skill. Video modeling is a great tool because of the visually cued instruction that allows children with Autism to learn by observation.

Budget and Operational Budgeting

What are the four major types of agency budgeting systems? The four types of agency budgeting systems are capitol budgeting, operational budgeting, personnel budgeting, expendables and accountable. The relative advantage between these is they have a need to be the foundation for the company. These are what help the company as far as pay, salary and uniforms. This budgeting system allows for the company to figure out what will be needed to perform certain jobs and how many of what might be needed for an operation.Capitol Budgeting Capitol budgeting is part of an agency budget that pays for the long lasting agency asserts. This asserts include the building for which the company will work in. Durable goods also come in under this budget which will be the equipment that has to be long lasting. These funds are treated separate from other categories of funds. Without this budget it leaves a company with no work place. There has to be a work place for the staff to come together. Operational BudgetingOperational budgeting involves the development of financial plans for the organization, typically for a year. While annual budgets need not be subdivided into shorter periods, monthly or quarterly budgets are especially useful for anticipating cash needs and for comparing actual experience with plan. A comprehensive master budget requires planning for all phases of the operation. (Operational Budgeting, 2005) This budget will include salaries of the personnel that work for the company.It also cover the water bill, electric, gasoline, supplies, postage and other expendable items that are in this category. Personnel Budgeting Personnel Budgeting is for all personnel that work for the company from office worker, field worker, and janitorial staff. This budget includes the salaries, training, medical, and all taxes withheld. This budget is important due to the company needs a staff to run operations for certain task. Then personnel also need to be trained on how to perform the job the correct way. Expendable and AccountableExpendable is a needed budget to see what supplies will be needed. Since most law enforcement job have tons of office work the items that this budget would cover is paper, pens, clips, and folders. This budget is used to see what is consumed. Then there is accountable this would budget the uniforms, weapons, and equipment such as; scanner, and computers. Accountable budget will be looked at as for property with greater value. Personal Thoughts The four of the budgets covered in this paper run hand and hand with each other.The reason I view them as a part of each other is for the simple fact that is they are all are needs of a company. A company has to have supplies, equipment and some type of dress code such as a uniform. A budget is needed for every company and there are many different levels that a company must budget on from putting their needs first to then what the company might want. At some point and time a budget can be gone ov er meaning that there might have been more training need or more paper used due to more reports need to be done that why I covered the expendables and accountable.

Architectural Salvage What You Need To Know

Salvage — goods or property that is saved or rescued from certain destruction — isnt anything new. Really, architectural salvage worth anything is usually old. People throw away the darnedest things: stained glass and glass mirrors; cast iron steam radiators; solid wood porch columns; pedestal sinks with original porcelain fixtures; ornate Victorian moldings. Its worth spending time rooting through dumpsters at demolition sites and haunting garage sales and estate auctions. But for hard-to-find building parts, the best place to shop is an architectural salvage center. From the French word salver meaning to save, the first property worth saving was probably merchandise carried on ships — goods either taken by force or by trade. As the commercial shipping industry became more prolific, laws and insurance policies came to govern outcomes of the occassional shipwreck or pirate ship encounter. Architectural salvage rights are generally governed by property and contract law and insurance company agreements. In the United States, unless stipulated by contract or historic designation, personal property is generally handled locally and personally. An architectural salvage center is a warehouse that buys and sells building parts salvaged from demolished or remodeled structures. You might find a marble fireplace mantel rescued from a law library or a chandelier from the reading room. Salvage centers might have filigreed door knobs, kitchen cabinets, bathroom fixtures, ceramic tile, old bricks, door moldings, solid oak doors, and antique radiators like the ones shown here. In many cases, these items cost less than their modern-day equivalents; in most every case, the product quality is unmatched by todays materials. Of course, there are drawbacks to using salvaged materials. It might take considerable time and money to restore that antique mantel. And it comes with no guarantees and no assembly instructions. Still, you also get the joy of knowing you are preserving a small piece of architectural history — and you know that the refurbished mantle is not like anything being manufactured today. Where can you find the architectural salvage you need? Types of Architectural Salvagers Architectectural salvage is a business. Some salvage warehouses resemble junk yards with broken windows and rust-stained sinks piled in untidy heaps. Others are more like museums with artful displays of architectural treasures. Dealers will often contract with property owners to buy salvage rights to houses slated for demolition. Products offered by salvagers range from small hinges, keyholes, doorknobs, and cabinet pulls to very large surfaces like bowling alley or basketball court flooring, barn siding and beams, or wainscoting. Services might include finding antique lighting fixtures, tubs, sinks, faucets, moldings, and brackets to finding entire houses where you bring your own tools and help take apart buildings scheduled for demolition. Popularity of items varies from architectural parts from pubs where wrought iron and cast iron fencing might be available, to churches, where you might get a deal on columns. Reclaimed lumber has become its own business. Should You Bargain? Should You Sell? Sometimes its best to bargain, but not always. If the salvage center is operated by an historical society or charitable organization, you may want to pay the asking price. However, warehouses run by demolition contractors often have overstocks of lavatory sinks and other common items. Go ahead and make an offer! Consider your own personal property — there may be cash in your trash. If you must get rid of interesting architectural details such as stair banisters or useful items such as kitchen cabinets, a salvager may be interested. In most cases, youll have to remove the items yourself and haul them to the warehouse. Call ahead to be sure there is a need for your materials. In some cases, the salvager will come to your home and remove building parts that you donate or offer to sell at a bargain price. Or, if you are doing a major demolition, some contractors will discount the cost of their labor in return for salvage rights. Dismantling History The business of architectural salvage can be emotional. Many a homeowner has purchased a colonial New England piece of history only to later find that the corner cabinets had been chopped from the dining room. One of the most egregious cases of legal pillaging is the much-reported interior stripping of the Bunshaft home. In 1963, Pritzker Laureate Gordon Bunshaft built a modern home on Long Island that he and his wife eventually willed to the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Long story short, in 1995 Martha Stewart bought what was known as Travertine House, she removed all of the travertine stone flooring and relocated it to one of her other houses before she got into some legal trouble, Stewart gave the house to her daughter, and in 2005 textile mogul Donald Maharam bought the deteriorating, abandoned shell of an unrenovated home — which he claimed was beyond repair. Maharam had Bunshafts only residential design torn down. On the other hand, some people are highly sensitive to what author, contractor, and salvager Scott Austin Sidler calls dismantling history. As he helped take apart four early 20th century cottages in Orlando, Florida — homes the city offered for free to anyone who would remove them — he felt awful about dismantling history, while at the same time he says it felt good to be saving as much as I could. As owner of Austin Historical in Orlando, he writes, The purpose is not just to make money, which is always nice, but to help you find products I know will really help you take care of your historic home. Seek out the lover of old houses. You can be better than Martha Stewart. Sources Sidler, Scott Austin. Dismantling History: A Reflection on Salvage. National Trust for Historic Preservation, April 26, 2013, https://savingplaces.org/stories/dismantling-history-a-reflection-on-salvageSidler, Scott. Save the Historic Homes on Lake Eola. The Craftsman Blog, August 21, 2012, https://thecraftsmanblog.com/save-the-historic-homes-on-lake-eola/; About the Craftsman Blog, https://thecraftsmanblog.com/about/ SUMMARY: How to Find Used Building Parts Remember that every generation and different regional locality often has its own vocabularies. Think of all of the words that may be used to describe these used home products — including junk. Antique dealers often find and/or market rescued items. Reclamation yards will have a variety of reclaimed materials from homes and office buildings. Begin your search for used building parts and architectural antiquities by following these steps: Do business over the Internet. Search online directories for Architectural Salvage. Results will reveal local dealers, but dont neglect national organizations like Recyclers Exchange, Craigslist, and eBay. The worlds largest online marketplace has everything, including architectural parts. Try typing several key words in the search box on the eBay home page. View photographs and inquire about shipping costs. Also, take advantage of social media and Web sites that offer message boards and discussion forums for buying, selling, and trading.Check the local telephone or Chamber of Commerce directories for Building Materials — Used , or Salvage and Surplus. Also look up Demolition Contractors. Call a few and ask where they take their salvaged building materialsContact your local historic preservation society. They may know of salvagers who specialize in antique building parts. In fact, some historical societies operate nonprofit salvage warehouses and other services for old-hous e restoration.Contact your local Habitat for Humanity. In some cities, the charitable organization operates a ReStore that sells salvaged building parts and other home improvement items donated by businesses and individuals.Visit demolition sites. Check those dumpsters!Keep an eye on garage sales, estate sales, and auctions.Know when garbage night is in your and neighboring communities. Some people dont know what theyve got until its gone.Beware of strippers. Reputable architectural salvagers support the cause of historic preservation by rescuing valuable artifacts that would otherwise be demolished. However, irresponsible dealers will strip a viable building, selling historic items individually to make a fast profit. Its always best to purchase salvage from a source recommended by the local historical society. When in doubt, ask where the item originated, and why it was removed. Keep in mind, most salvage centers dont always operate 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Always call before making he trip! Happy hunting!

The Influence of the Media on Politics Essays - 4124 Words

The Influence of the Media on Politics Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one. This quote by A.J. Liebling illustrates the reality of where the media stands in todays society. Over the past twenty years there has been an increase in power throughout the media with regard to politics. The medias original purpose was to inform the public of the relevant events that occurred around the world. The job of the media is to search out the truth and relay that news to the people. The media has the power to inform the people but often times the stories given to the public are distorted for one reason or another. Using slant and sensationalism, the media has begun to shape our views in society and the process by which†¦show more content†¦So what are the ramifications of this definition on the media? Well the answer to that question is in the phrases ?the people are the main political force? and ?engage in frequent and meaningful debates about relevant issues.? The relationship between these two statem ents is where the media enters the equation because it is the media that provides the public with the relevant issues. Under the Federal Communications Act of 1934 and subsequent legislation and court decisions? broadcasting was to serve the public interest, convenience, and necessity, ascribing certain democratic functions to the media? (Gseis.ucla.edu). The press and then the broadcast media were thus to provide information, ideas, and debate concerning issues of public significance in order to promote a democratic public sphere. Broadcasting was conceived as a public utility, with the airwaves established as part of the public domain, subject to regulation by the government to assure that broadcasting would meet its democratic responsibilities. Today the relationship between the media, politics and society has changed significantly. Even though they are all interconnected they have specific interactions which each other that should beShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Influence On Politics1643 Words   |  7 Pagesa reasonable world we expect that all sources of media will gather different acts and situations and broadcast it fairly, and responsively. Each individual relies on the media in order to receive information daily. The question raised in this essay is â€Å"Has the media shown news accurately, fairly or even completely?† And â€Å"How has it brought down the economy†. Throughout this essay I will look into the media and its influences that it has on politics, Its Government and the economy that surrounds itselfRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1742 Words   |  7 Pages In the Public Eye: Politics and the Media Much of American life is guided by the influx of information received from the media. This results in the ability of the media to shape or mold the opinions of American society. 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