Miller’s success Essay

Written by Arthur Miller in the early 1950’s, â€Å"The Crucible† notes the story of the quiet town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. As the play progresses, a major witch hunt takes place after a group of young girls claim to have danced with the Devil. Although the play is fictional, Miller based it on real people and events documented in records made after the actual witch hunts took place, at around the time the play was set it. I have chosen to analyse the conversation in Act 1, between Abigail and John where she attempts to entice him back to her, however John is adamant he will not be drawn in by her charms and appears to not be tempted. I shall also analyse the section of Act 4 where John Proctor ‘confesses’ to partaking in witchcraft, but then changes his mind after realising he values his morals more than his life. The first episode begins with Betty in bead and, after supposedly dancing with the Devil; she is in an apparent trance-like sleep. At the same time, John and Abigail are talking about their affair, something that took place before the play began. In this extract, Miller uses a variety of techniques to create tension on stage and in the audience. One such technique is the way in which variations are created in language; this creates a mix of emotions from the audience. Take, for example, Abigail’s line of â€Å"Give me a word John, a soft word† where she appears to be attempting to seduce John. In this part of the play we see how Abigail can manipulate how she speaks to, in a way, toy with John’s emotions, however it is likely that at this point in the play the audience will be aware of how young Abigail actually is, and will therefore realise she is embarrassing herself. Although this isn’t creating high levels of immense tension, the embarrassment the audience is provoked to feel due to Abigail’s actions is likely to leave them feeling highly uncomfortable in the situation causing a tense atmosphere to be created. In contrast to Abigail’s approach, John talks more as a father, giving a very patronising response, which begins with him calling her â€Å"child†, thus furthering the embarrassment felt. Another technique used in this section of the play is the contrast between how Abigail appears towards John and how she appears towards her Uncle Parris slightly earlier on in the play. To Parris, Abigail seems to be the angelic niece who made the simple mistake of dancing in the woods. However, when she talks to John she says things such as â€Å"I am waiting for you every night† and â€Å"I know you, John. I know you.†. Both of these examples show how Abigail can change from being an innocent little girl to an apparently seductive young woman. After watching this episode, the audience are undoubtedly aware of how Abigail attempts to manipulate people, and shows how the character is likely to progress, using her ‘skills’ in manipulation to full advantage. The feeling that something is waiting to happen may cause unrest in the audience, which would build up tension levels slightly. The pace of speaking varies a lot in this small section. We see Abigail’s ‘seductive’ speech, alongside John showing remorse for the situation that has arisen saying â€Å"I never give you hope to wait for me†. This is calm, and clear – John is not interested. He sees being open and honest, stating how he feels in the plainest English imaginable as the best way to prevent this conversation ever developing again. This would keep tension levels low, creating a feeling in the audience that they want Abigail to understand, and see nothing can happen. However, when this is obviously not the case, John begins to lose his composed presence and when Abigail begins crying, the volume of the conversation increases. This, in itself, will cause an increase in tension. Following this emotional outburst, Abigail pleads with John, running to him and crying â€Å"pity me, pity me!†. Such a change in a once strong and grown up character, along with the urgency with which the lines are delivered will create huge tension and, probably more embarrassment felt for Abigail. This is a particularly emotional part of the play, which relies far more upon vocal talents than any physical contact to create the tension we feel when watching it. There is, however, one point in this episode where John grabs Abigail and whilst shaking her shouts â€Å"Do you look for a whippin’?†. By this point in the conversation the audience are likely to be in the belief that John Proctor has effectively ‘lost it’ and needs to find a way to make Abigail understand, whatever that way may be. Following John grabbing Abigail, the audience see violence as one way of this conversation finishing which will obviously raise the tension levels considerably.

Literature Review Essay

Meaning, those who are without a home, that live on the street, abandoned building/make-shift structure/in parks and people who live in shelters. The precarious definition involves those who are at an imminent risk of being homeless. They include: those who are temporarily doubled up with family or friends and those who are in substandard housing. Traditional characteristics of homeless people vs. the â€Å"new homeless† Meanwhile, the definition of homelessness seem to fall under certain subgroups. Causes of h*omeless families These families end up being homeless as a result of sociostructural and psychological factors. The socio cultural factors involve changing labor markets, poverty, the housing system, and the nature of the welfare state while the psychological factors reflect individual agency, including alcohol dependence, substance use, social and behavioral problems. Other examples that seem to fall under both factors include a loss of benefits, eviction and domestic violence and the like. African Americans and other ethnic groups are found disproportionately among homeless families. Frequently, the mothers may end up in these situations that lead to homelessness because of a mental illness, substance abuse addiction and sometimes from an unfortunate circumstance such as losing their job without any form of maternity leave pay while there are in the later stages of pregnancy; Unfortunately, would comes next is a young mother and infant in a family shelter or doubled up with family or friends. Obviously, homelessness places a tremendous amount of stress on a mother with unfortunate and or limited resources. Experiences of families with children in family shelters Parents in shelters that are separated from their children Shockingly, research reveals that little attention is given to the homeless children who are often times taken from their biological parents (by child welfare services) because of some form of abuse and neglect experienced throughout homelessness and are placed in foster care. Often times, these children are already traumatically affected by the sad conditions that cause them to be separated from their family but they are further wounded through the constant changes in placement in regards to foster care. Thus, these changes affect their immediate and future development and mental health. Numerous children in foster care have poor developmental, mental and educational outcomes. Often times they are released from foster care without any counseling or intervention and are left to fend for themselves. Many of them struggle as they transition from foster care to young adulthood and will succumb to poor choices that will prevent them from obtaining an optimal level of health. Current policy initiatives In an effort to discourage panhandling, the National law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, reports on a survey of 50 largest cities of the U. S. noting 86% of these cities have enacted anti-panhandling laws and 73% have enacted laws against sleeping in public places. Over half of the surveyed cities remove homeless people from the public eye. This practice is widespread in cities where there are shortages of emergency shelters and affordable housing. Additionally, the Bringing America Home Bill, aimed at ending homelessness in the U. S. , supported by an extensive campaign and with 57 sponsors, never became law. The NCH also reports that federal agencies such as HUD interpret â€Å"homelessness† very narrowly. In addition to the number of federal and state government agencies aimed at tackling homelessness, there is also a National Alliance to End Homelessness (NAEH) a nonprofit organization that targetspublic and private sectors for a united effort to end homelessness. The NAEH recommends four proactive steps to b taken simultaneouslyto end homelessness: planning for outcomes (by identifying real needs); â€Å"closing the front door† (by shifting the flow of incentives toward prevention); â€Å"opening the back door† (by helping people exit homelessness quickly); and building the infrastructure (by changing homeless assistance to improve the supply of affordable housing and providing adequate income and services for the disadvantaged. ) In a policy environment as complex as the U. S. there are clearly a wide range of public and private initiatives aimed at reducing or alleviating homelessness, including the National Center on Family Homelessness, National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, HomeAidAmerica, Home Base and Homes for the Homeless. Home Base and Homes for the Homeless is an initiative that attempts to address the many interrelated issues that support a family in maintaining a house (including needs assessment, counseling and access to healthcare and housing search assistance, as well as skills for independent living. Adequacy of the body of research Reforms needed The literature reveals that child welfare services needs to implement more strategies to help homeless families from every vantage point (i. e. vest more interest in public shelters, Child Welfare Services should play a more explicit role in the financing, development and management of transitional and permanent, supportive housing programs for cross-system involved families etc. ) This assistance would likely reduce their homelessness and outcomes of out of home placements and negative consequences of homelessness for children and their families. And finally, a more comprehensive system of housing assistance, that assured poor families of stable, aff ordable, and adequate housing, could both reduce the incidence of homelessness and abuse and neglect.

Should You Explain a Bad Grade When Applying to College?

As most college-bound students know, the college application is a space for showing off. You want to put your absolute best foot forward to wow those college admissions committees. Sometimes, though, there are less than flattering aspects of your application that you simply can’t avoid. If you have received a less than stellar grade, you might be wondering how you should address it on your college application. If it’s on your transcript, it’s something that you definitely can’t hide. So, what should you do? In this post we’ll discuss the various scenarios in which you might explain a bad grade, and how you can go about doing so. If you’re wondering what to do about a blemish on your transcript, don’t miss our advice. It’s appropriate to address a bad grade on your transcript in a few different scenarios, but the common thread in each is that there is a perfectly good explanation for your bad grade. You may be a conscientious, hard working, intelligent student, but even the most perfect student might sometimes get a bad grade under extenuating circumstances. For example, if you went through significant personal changes, a family emergency, or another unavoidable event that had an impact on your academic work, you will definitely want to explain what happened. This includes things like a serious illness, the death of a family member, moving to a new school, or a similar, unavoidable event. Keep in mind that if you want to explain a bad grade and have your explanation bear any weight, it needs to be significantly different from your normal performance. If you have received a series of grades in the range of B- and C+, explaining a C or a C- won’t affect your application much. Instead, the bad grade or grades need to significantly differ from the grades you normally achieve. Explaining a C or C- will be much easier if you normally pull a perfect GPA. At the same time, the grades you’re explaining need to be an isolated event. If you get perfect grades during freshman year and then get sick during your sophomore year and get all Cs during the second semester, you’ll only be able to explain them if your grades go back up after your illness passes. If your blemish falls towards the end of your transcript and you don’t have time for it to reflect an improvement, you might even explain that you are now back on track and that the admissions committee can expect to see improvement on your second semester grades. If your grades suffer significantly due to an unavoidable event, and you are able to recover afterwards, there is a good chance that an admissions committee will be sympathetic to your explanation. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. It’s important to remember that admissions committees literally see thousands of applications and they are familiar with a broad variety of personal circumstances. If your circumstances are not likely to stand out as extenuating or unusual, there’s no need to explain a bad grade. Sometimes they just happen, and trying to explain it as though it’s not your fault may come off as an unwillingness to accept personal responsibility. For example, if you normally receive grades in the B-range but during your junior year you fell in with the wrong crowd, put less time into studying, and got some grades in the lower-C range, you don’t have a very good excuse for the blemish on your transcript. Rather than trying to explain it, you should let your performance speak for itself and work extra hard to hit higher grades during your senior year. Similarly, there’s no reason to explain grades that aren’t significantly different from your normal achievements. If you are used to getting all Bs, but then get the flu and get an B- in geometry your sophomore year, the admissions committee probably doesn’t need to hear about it. After all, the grade is not much different from your usual performance, and getting the flu isn’t exactly a unique scenario to face in high school. If you are wondering if you should explain a bad grade on your transcript, ask yourself these questions first: If the answer to any of these questions is no, think carefully before explaining the blemish on your transcript. You may want to discuss your decision with a guidance counselor or teacher first to gain some more perspective. Don’t use your personal essay to explain a bad grade unless there is another reason for doing so. For example, if you experienced a traumatic car accident during your junior year and your grades suffered because of it, you should only discuss it in your personal statement if it was also personally significant in other ways. If you grew as a person, learned about yourself, or developed new perspective, you might address the accident in your personal essay. Then, your discussion of its impact on your grades has more context in the bigger picture. On the other hand, if the only reason you are addressing the accident on your application is because of its impact on your grades, you should include this elsewhere. There are probably more important things you could discuss in your personal statement. Instead, it’s usually best to address the extenuating circumstances behind a poor grade in the â€Å"Additional Information† part of your application.

Product Packaging Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Packaging Analysis Assignment - Essay Example the product originates from high temperature and low humid region, the suitable package for this product is a cylindrical, transparent, container varying in sizes according to quantity inside. The container should be made of plastic and fitted with tight brown plastic lid too. After which, the container should be wrapped with transparent polythene paper. On the half side of the container, on the polythene used for wrapping, there should be nice brown drawings of desert date fruits and underneath the fruit there should be writings in pink stating the nutrient values of the product, it uses, and storage conditions (Sinha 637-641). The remaining half of the package container should be left as transparent as it is so that buyers who have never tested the dates can see exactly how it look like before paying for it. Packaging the desert dates in a transparent cylindrical plastic container fitted with an airtight lid protects the fruits from deformations due to clamping together and dissolution of the fruit’s outer coating by moisture. It also enhances its longer preservation and displays the fruits nicely to attract buyers, which is the ultimate objective of any

Growth trategy of Adida Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

Growth trategy of Adida - Coursework Example The company i working to change cutomer' perception Reebok from that of a dicount hoe brand to a premium brand. A part of thee effort, the company ha witched the Reebok wholeale model from bulk pre-order to pay a you go. Wholeale cutomer like Footlocker now order Reebok hoe a they need them rather than ordering them in bulk. Thi make it le likely that larger retailer will dicount Reebok hoe in order to clear their inventorie. Adida i, at it core, an international company with only 30% of it 2007 ale coming from North America. Moreover, it i rapidly expanding it preence in emerging market like Aia and Latin America. Becaue it target the wealthiet egment of the market the company lead it competitor in ale in Japan, Korea, India, Thailand, Indoneia, and New Zealand; ale growth in it core emerging market in Latin America and Aia have ha topped 24% in the lat everal year. By 2010, management expect China to be it econd bigget market. (Cooper and Lybrand, 2004, 77-84) Adida Group generate revenue by elling it product to retail tore or directly to the cutomer via one of the brand' concept tore, factory outlet, conceion corner, or online tore. Of thi revenue, 46% i from footwear, 42% from apparel, and 12% from hardware. In 2007 the company had 10.3 billion in revenue ($13.7 billion baed on the average 2007 exchange rate), which wa a 7% currency-neutral increae over 2006' revenue of 10.084 billion ($12.557 billion). While operating margin ha dropped overall ince 2005, thi can be attributed to the cot aociated with integrating Reebok, which ha reulted in extra operating expene of over $30 million during the pat two year. Adida i a company that manufacture hoe and port apparel. The founder i Adolf Daler who i German. The name created by combination of the name and urname Adi Daler, who tarted producing hoe in 1920 with the help of hi brother Rudolf Daler. That make cotumer, to recognize Adida i three parallel tripe of the ame color. (Cooper et al, 2000, 38-39) logan: "IMPOIBLE I NOTHING" trategic Objective We are innovation and deign leader who eek to help athlete of all kill level achieve peak performance with every product we bring to the market. We are a global organization that i ocially and environmentally reponible, creative and financially rewarding for our employee and hareholder. We are committed to continuouly trengthening our brand and product to improve our competitive poition and financial performance. In the medium term, we will extend our leading market poition in Europe, expand our hare of the U footwear market and be the fatet growing major porting good upplier in Aia and Latin America. The reulting top-line growth, together with trict cot control and working capital improvement, will drive over-proportionate earning growth. (Cooper and Kaplan, 2004, 130-135) .W.O.T. Analyi trength - In many invent i the bigget ponor - trong management team - Brand recognition and reputation - Diverity and variety in product offered on

Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results Assignment - 2

Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results - Assignment Example The director is significantly responsible for determination of firm’s vision and mission. Recruitment: The recruitment activities are highly diversified and do not comprise only the interviewing process of job applicants. The manager in the department is responsible for managing the overall process of recruitment including communication with potential client firms and implementation of recruitment process. The manager is essentially responsible for resolving issues associated with the hiring process and taking necessary managerial decisions thereof. Another important responsibility of the recruitment manager is to take care of internal recruitment (succession or promotion, layoff and new recruitment) and demand of external recruiters. IT: Organisations are increasingly incorporating technologies in their business activities and ABC Company is no different in this regard. Most of the tasks at operational and managerial level are coordinated through email, virtual networking and intranet. As a result, information technology forms an important functional department of the firm. The firm also interact with its external clients through emails. Hence, IT department is necessary for efficient management of soft and hard technologies that are employed in the firm. Training: The training department is essential in ABC Company for supporting the recruitment department. The department ensures that internal employees are imparted with sufficient and requisite training necessary for performing in their respective arena. Additionally, the training department evaluates qualifications of job seekers and candidates so that they can be set up with appropriate job interviews. Business development: The process of business development in the recruitment agency comprises continuous interaction with existing and potential client organisations for better understanding of their requirements regarding candidates. The process of business development

How Free Should Speech Be Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Free Should Speech Be - Essay Example Nat Hantoff writes, â€Å"But nowhere in the First Amendment does it say that freedom of speech is limited only to ideas and symbols that further freedom, dignity and nonviolence.† Freedom of speech remains the pivotal assurance for the American society given by the founders of the constitution. Freedom of speech is like the double-edged sword and it is the twice-blessed responsibility. It blesses the receiver and it blesses the giver. Often the authorities have to walk on the razor’s edge to enforce the provisions of the freedom of speech when interests and cross interests of the different communities are involved. As such it is necessary to understand the scope of the word ‘freedom’ in the correct perspective. Its connotation also varies from one area to another. Philosophical freedom includes the ability to make choices without limitations, while political freedom is the state of being free to practice the choice of one’s political philosophy. Nat Hantoff quotes Aryeh Neier, â€Å"As a Jew, and a refugee from Nazi Germany, I have strong personal reasons for finding the Nazis repugnant. Freedom of speech protects my right to denounce Nazis with all the vehemence I think proper. Despite my hatred of their vicious doctrine, I realize that it is in my interest to defend their right to preach it.† Many positive developments have taken place in the area of freedom of speech for an individual or for a group of individuals professing and practising identical ideals.

Porter's Five-Force model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Porter's Five-Force model - Essay Example It is crucial for any international business to critically study the competitive environment of the industry. The number of close substitutes, availability of resources, buying power of the consumers, threat of new entrants and the level of rivalry between existing firms must be studied closely to determine whether the industry would present the firm with a favorable and profitable environment. Porter’s Five forces model allows a firm to critically analyze each and every factor in the respective elements of industry competitiveness noted above (Swaan et al, 1999). Porter describes five forces which affect the industry’s competitiveness. The Threat of Substitute Products available in the market determines the power which a business may have in the industry. If the product is a generic one which has high substitutes in the market, the industry will be considered as highly competitive. Similarly, high level of close substitutes means that the buyers’ cost of switching is low and imposes a high threat to the firms. Besides this factor, all the factors are included in Figure 1 (Swaan et al, 1999). Likewise, if the buyers in the industry have a high negotiating power, the firms will be lead to lower their profit margins and the prices. A high negotiating power means that there would be less number of buyers as compared to the number of sellers in the market. Also, switching costs would be low and the products would be common rather than differentiated. Simultaneously, when there are fewer suppliers in the market who sell highly technical or hard to procure raw materials, they would have more negotiating power (Swaan et al, 1999). The ability and the ease of new entrants in the market also say how much competition a firm can expect in the future. With all these specifics, comes rivalry between firms. If one promotional campaign is followed aggressively by competing firms, the rivalry would be high. Similarly, the level of product

Science and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science and Politics - Essay Example Another example as to how science works within the political structure is in regards to chemical warfare. It is well known that despite the various differences between the political view on this and the scientific one, politics have been mediating the science of chemical warfare throughout history (Tuite 2005). When history recalls the Persian Gulf War and the syndrome the soldiers experienced following it, from a political view, the government attempted to deny its existence, claiming there never were chemicals involved at first. This was due to the fact that when scientific explanations were wholly considered, they proved to be extremely costly and the government did not want that. However, it was a fact there was undeniable scientific proof of its existence. In this regard, science and politics clashed. Science had a concern for the emerging illness while those in governmental positions were too concerned with the costs arising from the problem and wanted to be done with it. What Science pushes for is government funding so that it can research unusual illnesses and then make political figures aware. Without science there is no way of avoiding mass epidemics of illness, such as in the concern of the bird flu right now.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study - Essay Example It has also been viewed that investing in water and energy conservation, replacing linen bed cover, pillow covers with cotton products, and most significantly renovation of the hotel with environment friendly products have helped in establishing eco-friendly environment attracting more customers. In-depth analysis of case scenario has further revealed about the benefits specially replacing non-toxic cleaning agent with the ecofriendly cleaning agent. Additionally, it was also found that the toxic material present within it can lead to the occurrence of critical diseases such as cancer, reproductive disorders, respiratory ailments, and eye and skin irritations. Additionally, it has been analyzed that the advanced environmental sustainability initiatives assist the hotel to generate new business with government, non-government agencies and corporate bodies. In this context, this further assisted the hotel to gain goodwill within the market, which ultimately resulted in its success. The cost incurred while installing the eco-friendly equipment’s can be expensive. However, it can be stated that cost would help in attracting more customers who are more conscious about the environmental matters or believe in eco-friendly activities (Lawrence and weber 484- 489). 2. Kimpton EarthCare program was develop with the prime motive of establishing an eco-friendly environment within the hotel by using superior quality, non-invasive, eco-friendly products and services at all the branches of the hotel located all over the United States of America and other countries of its establishment. The accelerated industrial activities along with rapid increase in adapting products that contribute harmful chemicals in the environment are forcing the common masses to adapt eco-friendly products to avoid healthcare issues. Additionally, it has been viewed that the government of different countries and non-government organization are adapting measurements to spread the awareness of ad apting eco-friendly products. In this regard Kimpton EarthCare program provides a new dimension in the hotel industry. This program not only adapts new measurement to introduce different nontoxic cleaning products but also aims on adapting practices that would help mainly focus on printing 35 percent ‘post-consumer recycled paper’, saving almost 24,000 pounds of woods. The program also plans to recycle 100 glass bottles every month that would help in saving energy equal of powering almost 100-watt light bulbs for 60 days. Additionally, the policy of recycling paper and to use soy ink to print on recycle paper and the plan to introduce organic coffee in all the lobby of the hotel would help in reducing cost and also help in attracting customers by providing them with the best quality product. The policy of replacing the normal electric bulb with energy efficient bulb would help in reducing 70 percent of the total energy consumed. It is also worth mentioning that adapting such a huge change would also help in attracting association towards the hotel which would indirectly help it

French Revolution Essay Example for Free

French Revolution Essay Modernity by itself is a very abstract concept which can be associated with all new experiences in history. It is largely temporal because what is modern today is the old or obsolete tomorrow. Modernity is said to be a logic of negation because it tends to give importance to the present over the past, and at the same time also frowns over the present with respect to the future. From a purely historical perspective however, the society which evolved in Europe after the French Revolution of 1789 can be termed as modern in so much so that there is a marked difference or break in the way of thinking, living and enterprise between the societies after and before the French Revolution. The evolution of the modern society was not a process that happened overnight. The roots of the modern society and its gradual evolution can be traced back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. In fact the period from that point in history to the French Revolution is termed as the period of intellectual Enlightenment when there was a radical change in philosophy, science, politics, arts and culture. It was on these new forms of knowledge that the foundation of the modern society or modernity was based. Defining the Traditional Many scholars have tried to analyze the basic or instinctive nature of human beings in attempts to track back how modernity could have affected the core individual. In his book Leviathan, Hobbes deduced that in an environment uninfluenced by artificial systems or in a ‘state of nature’ human beings would be war like and violent, and their lives would consequently be solitary, poor, brutish and short. Rousseau however contradicts Hobbes. He claims that humans are essentially benevolent by nature. He believed in the ‘noble savage’ or the concept that devoid of civilization human beings are essentially peaceful and egalitarian and live in harmony with the environment – an idea associated with Romanticism. Human beings have however lived in communities and formed societies since the very early ages. In what is now known as the ancient world or the world of classical pagan antiquity typical of the societies of Greece and Rome, the concept of the ‘new’ or ‘change’ was absent. Time, like the seasons, was supposed to move in cyclical order, repeating itself with regularity cycle after cycle with nothing new or changed to break away from the established order. The people were steeped in more superstitious and religious beliefs which ruled almost every aspect of their lives. Christianity brought about changes in the belief systems of the ancient world. Christianity postulated that time was linear, that it began from the birth of Jesus Christ and would end with the apocalypse and the second coming of Jesus. This was a linear concept of time that moved in a straight line and not in a cycle that kept coming back to the same point. The Foundations of Modernity It was during the Enlightenment period that the Christian concepts of time and history were secularized to give way to the modern approach to change and progress. There were many other basic changes during the Enlightenment. The key ideas which formed the basis of the enlightenment period were autonomy and emancipation, progress and the improvement of history and universalism. The development of scientific knowledge gave rise to religious skepticism. People were no longer willing to submit blindly to the dictates of ordained religion. In other words they attained emancipation from the shackles of religion that had governed almost all aspects of their lives. This emancipation led to autonomy of the individual. Individuals began to decide for themselves instead submitting to an external authority such as religion. The people now decided by themselves what kind of authority, rules and regulation would be good for them, and such authority must be natural and not supernatural. Enlightenment encouraged criticism. Enlightenment thinkers did not hold anything sacred and freely criticized, questioned, examined and challenged all dogmas and institutions in their search for betterment or progress. Thinkers such as Voltaire defended reason and rationalism against institutionalized superstition and tyranny. The belief that there could and should be a change for the better came to be a prominent characteristic of modernity. The critical attitude of enlightenment thinker to contemporary social and political institutions paved the way for scientific studies of political and social studies and subsequent evolution of better forms of such institutions. The scientific revolution during the period, culminating in the work of Isaac Newton, presented a very practical and objective view of the natural world to people at large, and science came to be regarded very highly. Scientific inquiry was gradually extended to cover new social, political and cultural areas. Such studies were oriented around the cause-and-effect approach of naturalism. Control of prejudice was also deemed to be essential to make them value free. Enlightenment thinking emphasized the importance of reason and rationality in organization and development of knowledge. The gradual development of the scientific temperament with a paradigm change from the qualitative to the quantitative is also very evident in Europe of the time. People came to believe that they could better their own lot through a more scientific and rational approach to everything. The concept of universalism which advocated that reason and science were applicable to all fields of study and that science laws, in particular, were universal, also grew roots during the period. People began to believe in change, development and progress – all basic tenets of modernity as we know it today. Autonomy to decide for their own good, gave the people the right to choose the form of authority that could lead them as a society or community towards a better future and progress. This opened the doors to the emergence of states with separate and legally defined spheres of jurisdiction. Thus we find that modernity represents a transformation – philosophical, scientific, social, political and cultural – at a definite time in history at a definite spatial location. This transformation also represents a continuum up to the present in so much so that its basic principles are inherent in the societies and nations of today. The period of enlightenment can be seen as one of transition from the ‘traditional’ to the ‘modern’ forms of society, from an age of blind beliefs to a new age of reason and rational. Different Perspectives on development of Modernity Different political and philosophical thinkers have however developed different, and sometimes contradicting, theories of the development of modernity. Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx are two of the leading thinkers whose theories run counter to each other. For Hegel, the development of modernity was a dialectical process which was governed by the increasing self-consciousness of what he termed as the collective human ‘mind’ or ‘spirit’. According to Hegel, the dialectic process of development of the mind comprised three stages, with two initially contradicting positions synthesizing into a third reconciled position. Human beings live what Hegel called an ‘Ethical Life’ or in a social environment shaped by customs and traditions. This ethical life has three stages: the first is the family, which is dissolved in due course, the second is the ‘civil society’ that a person builds up as a result of his social interactions beyond the family and greater relations, and finally the third stage of the ‘state’ which Hegel defines as the highest form of social reason. For Hegel therefore, the formation of the modern state is the mark of modernity when human beings achieve the ultimate stage of social existence. Hegel believed as individuals or families, human beings are too selfish and self-centered co-exist in harmony and work for development. It is the state that is able to integrate the contradictions of different individuals, and not market forces. Since the state by itself is composed of political institutions, Hegel’s theory equates the development of the modern state or modern political institutions with modernity. Marx took a completely opposing view, when he asserted that material forces drive history. For him the state by itself is not an ideal entity for the integration of human beings into a cohesive whole for their development as a nation or a society. According to him it is the material forces comprising social and economic forces that drive history towards modernity. People engage in production for their means of subsistence, they bind together and form states for the sake of production. Different forms of productions create different class relations. It is to maximize production and gain the maximum benefits and advantages that people bond together in different classes in the form of the modern state. The different ways in which production is organized give rise to complex forms of social organization because a particular mode of production is an entire way of life for the people who are involved in it. For Marx social existence is not consciously determined by human beings, rather, it is the other way round: their social existence determines their consciousness. When there are contradictions between productive forces and the social relationships of production, class conflict arises. For Marx, therefore, modernity is defined by the state of social existence. Marx acknowledges that ‘capitalism has been the most productive mode of production, and it contains the most potential for the realization of human freedom’. This very dynamic characteristic of capitalism is born out of its destructiveness for all traditional social constraints such as religion, nation, family, sex, etc. But it is the same destructiveness and creativeness that creates the experience of modernity in Capitalism. This vital association between capitalism and modernity from none less that Marx himself establishes that the capitalism that evolved after the period of enlightenment in Europe has been acknowledged as the modern era of the period of modernity by Marx. Marx however states that capitalism is exploitative, and because it is exploitative, its full potential cannot be harnessed for the benefit of all. He therefore advocates communism which is a system of planned and conscious production by men and women of their won free will. This brings us to the question whether humanity has already passed through a stage of history that has been termed as modernity, and has moved on to the postmodern era (Mitchell, 2009). Another important point is regarding the placing of modernity. Modernity is understood to be a process that began and ended in Europe, and was later exported to other parts of the world. Thinkers like Marx tend to differ. He saw Capitalism emerge as a ‘rosy dawn’ not in England or the Netherlands but in the production trade and finance of the colonial system (Marx, 1967). Therefore, though the concept of modernity can be defined in various ways, it definitely refers to the process of evolution of the human mind and the society to a point where people were able to come together for their own advantage and benefit and work for unceasing development under a collectively formalized authority such as the nation state. It can also be state with a certain degree of assertiveness that the period from the beginning of the Eighteenth Century to the French Revolution in 1789 actually marked the period of active development of modernity in Europe. The concepts that were nurtured during the period bore fruit immediately afterwards in Europe and the West and later spread to the rest of the world. The world has continued since on very much the same basic principles but with far more advanced technologies and superior social, economic and political approaches. Influence of Modernity on Literature Modernity had a profound influence on literature. As people began to think differently, they also began to write differently. The modernist ideas of religious emancipation, autonomy, reliance on reason, rationality and science, and on development and progress began to find expression in the literature that developed even during the period of enlightenment and thereafter. This new form of literature came to be known as the Modernist Literature. Modernist literature tended to vent expression to the tendencies of modernity. Modernist literature, as also modernist art, took up cudgels against the old system of blind beliefs. Centering around the idea of individualism or the individual mind, modernist literature displayed mistrust of established institutions such as conventional forms of autocratic government and religion. It also tended not to believe in any absolute truths. Simmel (1903) gives an overview of the thematic concerns of Modernist Literature when he states that, â€Å"The deepest problems of modern life derive from the claim of the individual to preserve the autonomy and individuality of his existence in the face of overwhelming social forces, of historical heritage, of external culture, and of the technique of life. † Examples from two Greats A few examples of Modernist literature will serve to make its characteristics more clear. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) is considered to be one of the early enlightenment thinkers whose literary works opened the avenues to the modern era. Known as the founder of modern philosophy and the father of modern mathematics, Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician and scientist whose influence has served to shape the beginnings of Modernist literature. In his famous work, The Discourse on Method, he presents the equally famous quotation ‘cogito ergo sum’ or ‘I think, therefore I am’, which about sums up the very principle of the basis of the modern era. â€Å"I observed that, whilst I thus wished to think that all was false, it was absolutely necessary that I, who thus thought, should be somewhat; and as I observed that this truth, I think, therefore I am (COGITO ERGO SUM), was so certain and of such evidence that no ground of doubt, however extravagant, could be alleged by the sceptics capable of shaking it, I concluded that I might, without scruple, accept it as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search† (Descartes, 1637). In this work, Descartes drew on ancients such as Sextus Emiricus to revive the idea of skepticism, and reached a truth that he found to be undeniable. â€Å"Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions. In other words, he rejected man’s reliance on God’s revealed word, placing his own intellect on a higher plain† (McCarter, 2006). David Hume (1711 – 1776) was a philosopher, economist and historian from Scotland, and was considered a notable personality both in western philosophy and of the Scottish Enlightenment movement. In his works, he had a way of projecting the errors of scepticism and naturalism, thus carving out a way for secular humanism. In his most famous work, ‘An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding’, Hume asserts that all human knowledge is imbibed through our senses. He argues that unless the source from which the impression of a certain entity is conveyed to our senses is identified, that entity cannot exist. The logic would nullify the existence of God, a soul or a self. â€Å"By the term impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will. And impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions, of which we are conscious, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned †¦It seems a proposition, which will not admit of much dispute, that all our ideas are nothing but copies of our impressions, or, in other words, that it is impossible for us to think of anything, which we have not antecedently felt, either by our external or internal senses†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dover Philosophical Classics, 2004) In the same work Hume also postulates two kinds of human reasoning – Relation of Ideas and Matters of Fact. The former involves abstract concepts such as of mathematics where deductive faculty is required, and the later is about empirical experiences which are inductive in nature. This postulate has come to be known as Hume’s Fork. Hume, along with his contemporaries of the Scottish Enlightenment, also proposed that the basis for principles of morals is to be sought in the utility that they tend to serve. This shows the questioning nature of modernist literature not only of religious but also of moral and social norms and values. A very visible influence of modernity is therefore seen in the works of Hume. Present-day Modernist Literature If modernity influenced literature, it also used literature to shift from a philosophical and theoretical domain into the practical lives of people. Modernity could infiltrate into the lives of people through literary works that defined and reiterated the legitimate new modes of classification. Old literary forms with traditional meanings attached to them were reworked, allowing readers to modify or contravene the older meanings. â€Å"This opening-up process allowed readers to glean new meanings that modified or contravened the older ones. In the course of these changes, words, forms, and institutions altered their meaning in British life: they, and the practices they comprised, referred differently†¦. modifying ‘reference potential’ in literature fed back into how readers responded to changes in life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rothstein, 2007) In art and literature, many critics view ‘modernism’ as a new trend in the field of art and literature, defined basically by stylistic and structural variations. They would not accept the fact that ‘modernism’, it is basic approach, was the principles of modernity rendered plausible in literature and art. Modernity has always tried to hold up the world in new perspectives. Similarly, modernist literature opens up the world in all its forms – theoretical, philosophical, aesthetical and political – for fresh scrutiny. Even in its present form, modernist literature attempts to break the objective world of the realist. â€Å"Modernist writing †¦ takes the reader into a world of unfamiliarity, a deep introspection, a cognitive thought-provoking experience, skepticism of religion, and openness to culture, technology, and innovation† (Melton, 2010). Modernist literature exhibits a fascination with the workings of the mind, and how reality is reflected by the mind. The questioning of life, with or without the presence of God, is another trademark of the philosophical and theoretical moorings of modernist literature. Charles Darwin’s work challenges God as the Creator and presents the process of natural selection in the survival of life. This led to modernist literature of time travel, of questioning the existence of individuals and the purpose of the universe. Modernism brought about a new openness in the areas of feminism, bisexuality, the family, and the mind. In the world of today, modernist literature still display much of the characteristics of the times in which it first took shape. A very important theme of modernist literature today is a feeling of being alone in the world – a feeling stemming from estrangement or alienation. Characters are often presented as being depressed or angry. A second common trait is that of being in doubt. â€Å"It may be disbelief in religion, in happiness, or simply a lack of purpose and doubt in the value of human life. Finally, a third theme that is prevalent is a search for the truth† (Foster, 2010). Then there is a third theme in which the alienated character is always in the search for truth and seeks answers to a plethora of questions relating to human subjectivity. In all these characteristics are to be found the same questioning nature, the same denouncement of blind beliefs and the same dependence on reason and rationality that the Eighteenth Century enlightenment thinkers had pursued. The character is alienated and estranged because he or she questions all that is deemed not right by his or her own mind; the character questions the beliefs of religion and other institutions which are not based on reasoning; and finally the character seeks answers and the truth. â€Å"Modernist literature encompasses the thematic fingerprints of a rebellious, questioning, disbelieving, meditative, and confident type of form, which was conceived out of a change in the belief of humanity, the mind, a God, and the self brought on by the shift from capitalism to an ever-increasing society of revolutionary changes† (Melton, 2010). References Descartes, R. , 1637, The Discourse on Methods. Dover Philosophical Classics, 2004, David Hume, An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, Dover Publications Inc. Foster, J. , 2010, Modernism in Literature and History, Available: http://www. helium. com/items/743749-modernism-in-literature-and-history Karl Marx, 1967, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, 3 vols. , New York: International Publishers, 1:703. McCarter, J. , P. , 2006, Literature of the Modern Era, The Puritans’ Home School Curriculum. Melton, L. , 2010, Modernism in Literature and History, Available: http://www. helium. com/items/809291-modernism-in-literature-and-history Mitchell, T. , 2000, The Stage of Modernity, Available: http://www. ram-wan. net/restrepo/modernidad/the%20stage%20of%20modernity-mitchell. pdf Rothstein, E. , 2007, Gleaning Modernity, Earlier Eighteenth Century Literature and the Modernizing Process, Rosemont Publishing and Printing Corp. , Associated University Presses. Simmel, G. , 1093, The Metropolis and Mental Life.

Heroin Addiction Essay Example for Free

Heroin Addiction Essay According to The National Institute on Drug Abuse, heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates. Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of certain varieties of poppy plants. It is typically sold as a white or brownish powder or as the black sticky substance known on the streets as â€Å"black tar heroin†. Although purer heroin is becoming more common, most street heroin is†cut† with other drugs or with substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. Street heroin can also be cut with strychnine or other poisons. Because heroin abusers do not know the actual strength of the drug or its true contents, they are at risk of overdose or death. Heroin also poses special problems because of the transmission of HIV and other diseases that can occur from sharing needles or other injection equipment. According to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which may actually underestimate illicit opiate (heroin) use, an estimated 3. 7 million people had used heroin at some time in their lives, and over 119,000 of them reported using it within the month preceding the survey. An estimated 314,000 Americans used heroin in the past year, and the group that represented the highest number of those users were 26 or older. The survey reported that, from 1995 through 2002, the annual number of new heroin users ranged from 121,000 to 164,000. During this period, most new users were age 18 or older (on average, 75 percent) and most were male. In 2003, 57. 4 percent of past year heroin users were classified with dependence on or abuse of heroin, and an estimated 281,000 persons received treatment for heroin abuse. According to the monitoring the Future survey, NIDA’s nationwide annual survey of drug abuse among the Nation’s 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, heroin use remained stable from 2003-2004. Lifetime heroin use measured 1. 6 percent among the 8th graders and 1. 5 percent among 10th- and 12th graders. The 2002 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), which collects data on drug related hospital emergency department (ED) episodes from 21 metropolitan areas, reported that in 2002, heroin -related ED episodes numbered 93,519. NIDA’s Community Epidemiology Work Group (CEWG), which provides information about the nature and patterns of drug use in 21 areas, eported in its December 2003 publication that heroin was mentioned as the primary drug of abuse for large portions of drug abuse treatment admissions in Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark, New York, and San Francisco. How is heroin used? Heroin is usually injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked. Typically, a heroin abuser may inject up to four times a day. Intravenous injection provides the greatest intensity and most rapid onset of euphoria (7 to 8 seconds), while intramuscular injection produces a relatively slow onset of euphoria (5 to 8 minutes). When heroin is sniffed or smoked, peak effects are usually felt within 10 to 15 minutes. NIDA researchers have confirmed that all forms of heroin administration are addictive. Injection seems to be the predominant method of heroin use among addicted users seeking treatment; in many CEWG areas, heroin injection is reportedly on the rise, while heroin inhalation is declining. However, certain groups, such as White suburbanites in the Denver area, report smoking or inhaling heroin because they believe that these routes of administration are less likely to lead to addiction. With the shift in heroin abuse patterns comes an even more diverse group of users. In recent years, the availability of higher purity heroin (which is more suitable for inhalation) and the decreases in prices reported in many areas have increased the appeal of heroin for new users who are reluctant to inject. Heroin has also been appearing in more affluent communites (z). According to the NDIA the immediate effects of heroin (the short term), soon after injection (or inhalation), heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, heroin is converted to norphine and binds rapidly to opioid receptors. Abusers typically report a feeling a surge of pleasurable sensation-a â€Å"rush†. The intensity of the rush is a function oof how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds to the natural opioid receptors. Heroin is particularly addictive because it enters the brain so rapidly. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itcing. After the initial effects, abusers usually will be drowsy for several hours. Mental function is clouded by heroin’s effect on the nervous system. Cardiac function slows. Breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes to the point of death. Heroin overdose is a particular risk on the street, where the amount and purity of the drug cannot be known. The long term effects of heroin use and the most detrimental is addiction itself. Addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease, characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, and by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence, which are also motivating factors for compulsive use and abuse. As with abusers of any addictive drug, heroin abusers gradually spend more and more time and energy obtaining and using the drug. Once they are addicted, the heroin abuser’s primary purpose in life becomes seeking and using drugs. The drugs literally change their brains and their behavior. Physical dependence develops with higher doses of the drug. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly. Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken. Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps (cold turkey), and leg movements. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 24 and 48 hours after the last dose of heroin and subside after about a week. However, some people have shown persistant withdrawal signs for many months. Heroin withdrawal is never fatal to otherwise healthy adults, but it can cause death to the fetus of a pregnant addict. At some point during continuous heroin use, a peson can become addicted to the drug. Sometimes addicted individuals will endure many of the withdrawal symptoms to reduce their tolerance for the drug so that they can again experience the rush. Physical dependence and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms were once believed to be the key features of heroin addiction. We now know this not to be the case entirely, since craving and relapse can occur weeks and months after withdrawal symptoms are long gone. We also know that patients with chronic pain who need opiates to function (sometimes over extended periods) have few if any problems leaving opiates after their pain is resolved by other means. This may be because the patient in pain is simply seeking relief of pain and not the rush sought by the addict. The Medical consequences of chronic heroin injection use include scarred and/or collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, abscesses (boils) and other soft –tissue infections, and liver or kidney disease. Lung complications (including various types of pneumonia and tuberculosis) may result from the poor health condition of the abuser as well as from heroin’s depressing effects on respiration. Many of the additives in street heroin may include substances that do not ready dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs. Immune reactions to these or other contaminants can cause arthritis or rheumatologic problems. Ofcourse, sharing of injection equipment or fluids can lead to some of the most severe consequences of heroin abuse-infections with hepatitis B and C, HIV, and a host of other blood-borne viruses, which drug abusers can then pass on to their sexual partners and children.

Effectiveness of Terrorism Campaigns

Effectiveness of Terrorism Campaigns Much of the theory surrounding terrorism states that it works as a communication strategy signalling the costs of not giving in to the coercers’ demands (Abrahms 2001). Bonnie Cordes goes against this way of thinking by saying that â€Å"although terrorism is often described as a form of communication, terrorists are rather poor communicators because the violence of terrorism is rarely understood by the public† (p.1). During the 70’s and 80’s the emergence of terrorism was used as a tool of coercion being the preferred choice in warfare in the hopes of furthering an Islamic group to being the main ruling power of a country. Many analysts have exposed terrorism as sometimes reaching the outlined goals while many others argue that terrorism depending on whether it uses guerrilla warfare or strikes on civilians, reaches no positive outcomes for the coercer. Much of the literature has focused on pre-Iraq and pre-Afghan conflicts both of which contained a lot of terrorism. We have now entered the twenty first century and at present the Middle Eastern countries are engulfed in numerous ideological and religious based wars. Different Islamic groups are fighting within their own countries to reach and end that sees their preferred religious group becoming the ruling governing party. As of this year terrorism against both civilians and military still remains the preferred tool of warfare. As terrorism has failed to wane in the present it is relevant to see whether its use has become any more positively coercive against the targeted country or state. Max Abrahms (2001) is a researcher who has delved in to terrorism data to uncover whether it is a useful tool in coercing governments to giving into groups’ demands. He first outlines two types of targeted conflicts – those that are guerrilla who take aim at military targets which are found to be the more successful at coercing governments into meeting demands. The second type is ones targeting civilians and these are less successful due to the perception that by targeting civilians the groups through their aggressive nature will be impossible to bargain and reason with. The goals the groups attempt to achieve are also indicative of future success. Maximalist goals are often not achieved whilst minimalist goals are. The aims of the group also need to be clear. Often outcomes goals are not easily understood as they are tied up in ideological or religious reasons. In this case outcomes are often not reached. Although terrorism was used frequently during the 80’s and 90’s terrorism specialists stated that the use of terrorism rarely achieved the outcome goals demanded of governments (Cordes et al., 1984 in Abrahms 2012). Abrahms (2012) finds that terrorist campaigns are an inherently unprofitable coercive tactic because governments resist complying when their civilians are the focus of substate attack. When Abrahms assessed the goals of terrorists he found two types; process goals and outcome goals. Process goals are a ploy to gain extra individuals to the group, to gain media attention, and financial support from likeminded people with attempts at hampering peace-processes and boosting morale. As we will see in examples from Iraq, their civil war is based on both types of goals. Their outcome goals are stated political goals which aim to overthrow the current Shia government and instil a caliphate leader of Sunni background. The difference between the two is the latter requires the compliance of the target government which at present is not happening under current Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki. In order to statistically test the effectiveness of terrorist campaigns Abrahms used a sample of 42 cases of terror attacks. He found that attacks carried out on civilians as done by Hamas versus ones carried out against a military such as the Tamil Tigers lead to differences in favour of the Tamil Tigers. The difference being governments tended to comply more often when attacks were not aimed at innocent people. Unlike guerrilla campaigns terrorist campaigns are seen as a losing political tactic (Abrahms 2012). He further expanded his study to include 125 campaigns carried out by 54 groups. Roughly half of the campaigns were guerrilla using their attacks on military personnel. He first looked at the Foreign Terrorist Organisations (FTO) capabilities and found certain criteria were relevant for future success. These included the peak membership size, the FTO life span; older groups had more highly developed organisational skills, whether or not the group received external support and lastly whether the group employed suicide missions as these enhanced the lethality of attacks, required additional manpower which enhances coercive effectiveness (Pare 2003, 2005). The target country’s capability was also a future predictor of a campaigns success, as a country with great capability was less susceptible to coercion (Drezner 1998, Hart 2000 in Abrahms 2012). Much of the terrorist activity used at present is within the Middle East and is being used in a civil war. In these cases the size of the objective is the key variable affecting the political outcomes of these substate campaigns (Abrahms 2006b, Pape 2003, 2005). In order for a government to make concessions to terror groups it is important they know what the objectives are. In the current literature there appears to be a general consensus on how governments rank political objectives. Campaigns found to have maximalist objectives seek to induce target governments into relinquishing their power or changing their ideology. Campaigns with limited objectives tend to not directly affect the government or its citizens fundamental way of life (Abrahms 2006b, George 1971). There is some research that finds FTO’s to be successful on certain occasions. Of the 125 campaigns Abrahms looked at, 38 successfully coerced the target country into at least partially complying with the policy demands. There is a clear difference however based on whether guerrilla tactics were used over terrorist attacks. The number is practically half of those that used guerrilla versus terrorism. The guerrilla campaigns which targeted the military accounted for 36 successful cases of coercion. The only case where terrorism partially succeeded on its policy demand was the highly publicised Spanish decision to withdraw from Iraq in response to the March 11 2004 Madrid train station bombings. Here the Moroccan Islamist group attacked Spanish commuters days before the prime ministerial election, helping to elect anti-war candidate who then fulfilled his pledge to bring Spanish troops home. However researchers tend to agree on the conclusion that the 11-M campaign was an outlie r. Regardless of terrorist capability, guerrilla groups appear to be the only group that achieve their political demands. Terrorist campaigns would therefore seem to be an ineffective coercive tool. Comparativists are finding that rebel campaigns against civilians in protracted civil wars reduce the likelihood of gaining compliance of either the government (Fortna 2008) or the local population (Kalyvas 2006) again which can be observed from an Iraq perspective. The PM Maliki has consistently resisted the demands of the terrorist groups while also condemning all attacks. Equally, studies assessing the media coverage of terrorism, consistently finds that it seldom amplifies the political demands of its perpetrators. Equally the coverage is portrayed as acts of senseless bestiality (Hewitt 1993 p.52). Less than 10% of coverage sided with the grievances of the terrorists (Kelly Mitchell 1984p. 287). Lastly, the number of people killed is always higher for civilians than against assaults on a military in guerrilla campaigns. Putting terrorism into context and taking the year 2012 as an example, there were a total of 6771 attacks worldwide resulting in over 11,000 deaths and more than 21,000 injuries (state.gov). Of these attacks civilians were the biggest victims accounting for 2073 lives. Police fatalities accounted for 1700 while government staff accounted for 971. Military personnel only accounted for 379 (sate.gov) despite the research carried out by Abrahms suggesting that for terrorist groups to achieve any success being determined by attacks carried out on military staff. In January alone Iraqi terrorist groups were responsible for the brutal deaths of over 1300 people (state.gov). Globally, Iraq ranks second in the total number of attacks combined in the year 2012 however they are number one for the amount of people killed (2436), the greatest number seen since 2006-2008 civil war. As previously mentioned, the Middle East is geographically the mostly heavily concentrated area of terrorist attacks even though the attacks occur in 85 countries. The highest proportion of attacks occurred in Pakistan, Iraq and Afghanistan with over half the occurrences happening in these countries. Of the targets aimed at 2073 out of 7467 are civilians whilst police account for 1699, government 971 and military comes at 379 after business at 480. In Iraq just over 27 percent of attacks were targeted at civilians whilst 24 percent against police. Journalists were targeted most frequently in Somalia (26%), Pakistan (18%) and Syria (13%). Taking Iraq as an example and using Max Abrahms criteria for successful campaigns the following will outline whether after all these years terrorism really is the only viable way of coercing governments to a groups demands. State.gov reports that like Pakistan over 81% of attacks in Iraq are attributed to unknown perpetrators. The remaining attacks were identifies as those belonging to Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) or The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Terrorism in Iraq was identified as some of the most lethal with three out of 10 being the most lethal of 2012. Although a single attack on any given day would be severe in Iraq there was often a concentrated and coordinated attacks that happened across the same day at multiple different locations. One particular day there were 30 attacks across the country. The tactics and targets were highly concentrated with more than 6 percent of all attacks targeted at either innocent civilians and property or police. An additional 10 perce nt were targeted at government officials. Over 80 percent of the attacks were bombings. Worldwide the perpetrators that accounted for the most fatalities were the Taliban (1842) with Al Qaeda in Iraq and the ISIL coming in third (892). Of the tactics used bombing was the most preferred choice accounting for 65 percent used worldwide. At present the U.S. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security (OSAC) reports that the main target of terror in Iraq are government personnel and assets. Due to the groups protracted attempts at overthrowing the democratically elected Iraqi government and replacing it with a Sunni led Islamic caliphate such as in Iran. In 2013 9571 Iraqi civilians were killed and 2006 since the beginning of this year according to Iraq Body Count (Counterpunch). At present ISIS is taking over Sunni populated areas such as Fallujah and Mosul, this however is not getting the media attention that is required due to the threats and attacks on journalists, of which five have been killed since October last whilst over 40 have fled to Kurdistan and Turkey (Counterpunch). There has been a major increase in the occupation of Sunni led groups such as ISIS taking control over Sunni Iraq however the government seems to be struggling to regain control. Shia civilians continue to be killed en masses however the biggest problem is finding the whereabouts of the groups. Civilian deaths appear to have outnumbered military fatalities despite the fact that research has shown this type pf warfare to be ineffective in achieving any coercive outcomes. Despite thousands of Shia’s being mortally wounded Iraq’s Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has numerous times stated that he â€Å"will not enter negotiations with terrorists† saying â€Å"that crushing terrorists is one of the priorities of the current Iraqi government†. He further explained why negotiating with these groups (ISIL/Al Qaeda) would be futile saying these groups are not and will not be a negotiating side†. He went on to stress that â€Å"whichever side that is not opposed to terrorist groups, is not worthy of partnership in running the country’s affairs†. (REF) At present the Iraqi army has been working closely with both ethnic and local police in the al-Anbar province in an attempt to defeat the terrorists and al-Qaeda. The fighting is due to divisions between the Sunni and Shia population remaining after the civil war. Prior to which the Sunni minority were leading the country through Saddam Hussein. Add to this also the Kurdish minority who also want a say in how the country is governed. Sunni’s accuse the current government of exclusion despite their presence in parliament. The government ignored a protest in December 2013 stating that it was a ploy for the sectarian and territorial division of the country (REF). In November 2010 a power sharing agreement was made between all three parties however the Sunnis felt the government was marginalising them by having more Shia representatives. The cultural divisions appear too difficult for the government to handle which has led to the current uprising in the country and their inability to handle the security crisis. Although the massacring of civilians has proven ineffective in the past, 8,000 people died in 2013 of which most of them were civilians. Abrahms outlined the possible coercive abilities of groups being dependent on the outcome or process goals. For ISIL and al-Qaeda, process goals have managed to garner some support from the mainly Sunni peoples and they have been receiving funding from external sources such as Iran who are happy to help out the opposition in order to create instability within the Sunnis. Recruits were increased during the past number of years and the group is claimed to have 2500 members. Although the groups hope for media attention, as Abrahms has pointed out this is seldom in favour of the group’s plight and this has been the case in Iraq. Journalists are afraid to print negative stories in fear of their lives with many as shown fleeing to neighbouring countries. Equally, when looking at the outcome goals which is looking at what the group wishes to achieve politically they are aiming for maximalist goals that are not so much based on territory alone but rather a forceful attempt at overthrowing a government in the hopes of dividing the country into sectarian divisions based on ideological and religious goals of transforming he country into a Shia state following Sharia Law. These goals have proved to be impossible to achieve whether peaceful or violent means are attempted due in part to the lack of compliance of the current government. Iraq’s capabilities also are strong with the US having trained them and provided them with numerous arms and ammunition and vehicles (REF). The higher the capability the less susceptible the target country is. The size of the objective is a key variable in the future success of the group. As can be seen in the Iraq example the objectives are vast which makes the likelihood of any concessions highly unlikely.

John Howard Griffins Black Like Me :: Black Like Me Essays

John Howard Griffin's Black Like Me In John Howard Griffin's novel Black Like Me, Griffin travels through many Southern American states, including Mississippi. While in Mississippi Griffin experiences racial tension to a degree that he did not expect. It is in Mississippi that he encounters racial stereotypical views directed towards him, which causes him to realize the extent of the racial prejudices that exist. Mississippi is where he is finally able to understand the fellowship shared by many of the Negroes of the 50's, because of their shared experiences. Although Griffin travels throughout the Southern States, the state of Mississippi serves as a catalyst for the realization of what it is truly like to be a Negro in 1959. Once in the state of Mississippi, Griffin witnesses extreme racial tension, that he does not fully expect. It is on the bus ride into Mississippi that Griffin first experiences true racial cruelty from a resident of Mississippi. It was late dusk when the bus pulled into some little town outside of Hatteisburg for a stop. "We get about ten minutes here," Bill said "let's get off here and stretch our legs" The driver stood up and announced "Ten minute rest stop,". The whites rose and ambled off. Bill and I led the Negroes toward the door. As soon as he saw us, the driver blocked our way. Bill slipped under his arm and walked away. "Hey boy where are you going?" the driver shouted at Bill while he stretched his arms across the opening to prevent myself from stepping down. I stood waiting. "Where do you think your going?" he asked, his heavy cheeks quivering with each word. "I'd like to go to the rest room." I smiled and moved to step down. He tightened his grip on the door. "Does your ticket say for you to get off here?" he asked. "No sir, but the others..." "Then you just sit your ass down." We turned like a small herd of cattle and drifted back to our seats. The large woman was apologetic, as though it embarrassed her for a stranger to see Mississippi's dirty linen.1(pg 63) Up to this point in the novel Griffin experiences exactly what he expects to experience. He is taunted with typical racial slurs, and other forms of hostility, which he is able to brush off as meaningless ignorance. This bus driver is denying the black customers the most basic of human needs. John Howard Griffin's Black Like Me :: Black Like Me Essays John Howard Griffin's Black Like Me In John Howard Griffin's novel Black Like Me, Griffin travels through many Southern American states, including Mississippi. While in Mississippi Griffin experiences racial tension to a degree that he did not expect. It is in Mississippi that he encounters racial stereotypical views directed towards him, which causes him to realize the extent of the racial prejudices that exist. Mississippi is where he is finally able to understand the fellowship shared by many of the Negroes of the 50's, because of their shared experiences. Although Griffin travels throughout the Southern States, the state of Mississippi serves as a catalyst for the realization of what it is truly like to be a Negro in 1959. Once in the state of Mississippi, Griffin witnesses extreme racial tension, that he does not fully expect. It is on the bus ride into Mississippi that Griffin first experiences true racial cruelty from a resident of Mississippi. It was late dusk when the bus pulled into some little town outside of Hatteisburg for a stop. "We get about ten minutes here," Bill said "let's get off here and stretch our legs" The driver stood up and announced "Ten minute rest stop,". The whites rose and ambled off. Bill and I led the Negroes toward the door. As soon as he saw us, the driver blocked our way. Bill slipped under his arm and walked away. "Hey boy where are you going?" the driver shouted at Bill while he stretched his arms across the opening to prevent myself from stepping down. I stood waiting. "Where do you think your going?" he asked, his heavy cheeks quivering with each word. "I'd like to go to the rest room." I smiled and moved to step down. He tightened his grip on the door. "Does your ticket say for you to get off here?" he asked. "No sir, but the others..." "Then you just sit your ass down." We turned like a small herd of cattle and drifted back to our seats. The large woman was apologetic, as though it embarrassed her for a stranger to see Mississippi's dirty linen.1(pg 63) Up to this point in the novel Griffin experiences exactly what he expects to experience. He is taunted with typical racial slurs, and other forms of hostility, which he is able to brush off as meaningless ignorance. This bus driver is denying the black customers the most basic of human needs.

Vivisection: Is it for you? Essay -- Animal Testing Papers

Vivisection: Is it for you? Animal Research has become a heated debate over the past few decades, reaching a high point around the end of the twentieth century yet it still continues through today. There are two main ways to look at this topic: the logos pro side and the pathos anti side. Those who are for animal testing realize the amazing benefits that can come out of such research while those against animal testing stand up for animals’ rights and try to find ways to better such research without killing so many innocent, defenseless animals. While both sides seem to carry their argument well, those against animal testing ruin their ethos by making their argument an emotional one while those who are for animal testing build their ethos by giving logical reasoning for testing animals. Exploring both sides deeper should help provide a clear stance for each one. Those who stand behind animal testing usually tend to be groups of scientists as well as animal testing companies. One such company, Huntingdon, argues that animal testing is a necessary evil. While nobody enjoys killing animals, Huntingdon suggests it is necessary by showing us that millions of people have been saved through various operations that would not have been able to have been preformed if it had not been for animal testing. On one if its web pages, Huntingdon stated: [H]ere is a list of the average number of operations performed in the UK in a year: 3,000,000 operations under general [anesthetic], 90,000 cataract operations, 60,000 joint replacements, 13,000 coronary bypasses, 10,000 pacemakers implanted, 6,000 heart valve repairs or replacements, 4,000 heart defects corrected, 2,500 corneal transplants, 2,000 kidney transplants, 400 heart/lu... ...mbine our ideas and use computer simulations when possible and animal testing only when necessary, miracles can happen. Works Cited Michael, Mike. â€Å"Views From Behind the Barricade: Animal Rights Campaigners Have Left Researchers Feeling Under Siege.† New Scientist 134 (4 April 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A12410157. Sandler, Jessica. â€Å"PETA Says No to Testing.† Earth Island Journal 17.3 (Autumn 2002) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A89392654. Lewis, David. â€Å"Molecular Modeling as an Alternative to Animal Testing.† Manufacturing Chemist 63.12 (December 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A13522944. Huntingdon Life Sciences: Working for a better future: The benefits of animals in scientific research. 31 March 2003. . Vivisection: Is it for you? Essay -- Animal Testing Papers Vivisection: Is it for you? Animal Research has become a heated debate over the past few decades, reaching a high point around the end of the twentieth century yet it still continues through today. There are two main ways to look at this topic: the logos pro side and the pathos anti side. Those who are for animal testing realize the amazing benefits that can come out of such research while those against animal testing stand up for animals’ rights and try to find ways to better such research without killing so many innocent, defenseless animals. While both sides seem to carry their argument well, those against animal testing ruin their ethos by making their argument an emotional one while those who are for animal testing build their ethos by giving logical reasoning for testing animals. Exploring both sides deeper should help provide a clear stance for each one. Those who stand behind animal testing usually tend to be groups of scientists as well as animal testing companies. One such company, Huntingdon, argues that animal testing is a necessary evil. While nobody enjoys killing animals, Huntingdon suggests it is necessary by showing us that millions of people have been saved through various operations that would not have been able to have been preformed if it had not been for animal testing. On one if its web pages, Huntingdon stated: [H]ere is a list of the average number of operations performed in the UK in a year: 3,000,000 operations under general [anesthetic], 90,000 cataract operations, 60,000 joint replacements, 13,000 coronary bypasses, 10,000 pacemakers implanted, 6,000 heart valve repairs or replacements, 4,000 heart defects corrected, 2,500 corneal transplants, 2,000 kidney transplants, 400 heart/lu... ...mbine our ideas and use computer simulations when possible and animal testing only when necessary, miracles can happen. Works Cited Michael, Mike. â€Å"Views From Behind the Barricade: Animal Rights Campaigners Have Left Researchers Feeling Under Siege.† New Scientist 134 (4 April 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A12410157. Sandler, Jessica. â€Å"PETA Says No to Testing.† Earth Island Journal 17.3 (Autumn 2002) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A89392654. Lewis, David. â€Å"Molecular Modeling as an Alternative to Animal Testing.† Manufacturing Chemist 63.12 (December 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number: A13522944. Huntingdon Life Sciences: Working for a better future: The benefits of animals in scientific research. 31 March 2003. .

Dystopia in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World :: Brave New World

Dystopia in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World It's hard to imagine yet somehow so extremely close to us is the possibility of a world of ideal perfection where there is no room or acceptance of individuality. Yet, as we strive towards the growth of technology and improvement of our daily living we come closer to closing the gap between the freedom of emotions, self understanding, and of speech and the devastation of a dystopia. A utopia, or perfect world, gone awry is displayed in Aldous Huxley's provocative novel Brave New World. Dystopia is drawn on "political and emotional events, anchoring its vision of a nightmarish future in contemporary fears of totalitarian ideology and uncontrolled advances in technology and science" (Baker 22). It is the situation that costs a piece of an unhealthy environment for human beings, is the theme of the novel. The dystopian setting is brought about by technology and by higher authorities. As technology increases, the use for human beings in the work force decreases leaving an overwhelming amount of depression among humans. Therefore, a way to continue the production of technological findings is by bringing up humans from day one to accept their unhappiness as normal. By "breeding" human beings to accept the fact that they are born to do a specific group. Higher authorities know the illimination of humans' emotions is useful to stabilize what they think to be a utopian society. Huxley portrays a "perfect dystopia" where scientists "breed people to order" in a specific class (Baker 2). The purpose of this paper is to shows that Aldous Huxley clearly introduces a river of cases and incidences, which adds to the dystopia in his science fiction novel Brave New World. Aldous Huxley was born on July 26, 1894 in England into a family of novelists and scientists. Leonard Huxley, Aldous's father, was an essayist and an editor who also was a respected, leading biologist in the time of Darwinism. Both his brother and half-brother worked in the science field. Huxley received an extensive training in both medicine and in the arts and sciences. Huxley was described by V.S. Pritchett as "that rare being-the prodigy, the educable young man, the peremial asker of unusual questions" (Introduction to Aldous Huxley 1). Huxley wrote a series of novels and essays as his career progressed. Two of his best known novels are Brave New World and Island. These two novels depict a world of dystopia. In Brave New World it's author "shifts his mildly satiric observations of a limited group of people to a broader and more ironic satire of a utopian society" (Introduction to Aldous Huxley

Genetically Modified Foods Should Be Promoted Essay

Thank you members of the FDA for letting me speak today regarding the morality of genetically modified foods. Different bioengineering, better known as genetically modified, methods have been prevalent in modern society for almost half a century. It has allowed scientists to transfer genes that would have never been able to interbreed in nature but with the help from scientists, can breed as naturally (Harvard Law). The technology that describes this is known as biotechnology. When somebody is asked what are they afraid of, a common response might be, â€Å"I’m deathly afraid of spiders† or â€Å"I’m afraid of heights. I can’t look off the edge†. The response that is never heard is the unknown and I believe that â€Å"the unknown† is something that many people are afraid of. The unknown is simply a scary thing because it is impossible to tell the future. People say that cell phones may cause cancer, but in reality, this will not be known for decades and people surely will not stop talking on them. GMF’s scare people because they don’t know what the future holds. The future holds an agricultural revolution that could never have been predicted and will open many doors that were thought to not have existed. The United States federal government should promote the purchasing of genetically modified foods by the public that can be done by educating the public with the benefits of genetically modified foods In a poll done by ABC regarding the skepticism of genetically modified foods, 52% of people believed them to be dangerous and 13% were unsure about them (Poll). The public should not be so confused regarding the safety of the food that they eat on a daily basis. The majority of all cultivated food has been genetically modified in some way by the time of its production (Harvard Law). This means that the public eats genetically modified food every single day without knowing it. If the public was to be better informed about GM foods then they would support them. The public really does not know so much about the technology surrounding bioengineered food. Biotechnology can be defined as the genetic manipulation of organisms for a common goal, in this case, food. Genetic engineers have successfully been able to introduce methods to be able to combine genes of species by selecting certain genetic material from each organism. This results in a new organism that contains traits of both preceding organism (Harvard Law). A solution to the unawareness of the United States’ public would be to advertise the benefits of genetically modified food. If the public were more educated on the topic of genetically modified foods they would support it because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The government needs to introduce a series of advertisements regarding GM foods. Every man and woman in this country has the ability to vote for who they want, say what they want, write what they want. Although not written in the constitution, all people are also given the right to eat what they want. Whether cheap, expensive, healthy, or unhealthy, we are all given the choice to make those decisions for ourselves. In a poll done by ABC news asking if people would be more inclined to buy genetically modified food, 57% said they’d be more likely to purchase untouched food (Poll). If the federal government were able to make the public more aware of the advantages of genetically modified foods people would be more inclined to buy them and support the industry. As of now, the public chooses non-GM foods over GM foods. They need to be introduced to the positive aspects of bioengineering. If the federal government wants to revolutionize the agricultural industry, consumers need to be in favor of GM foods. If more than half of the consumers said they’d be less likely to purchase GM foods then how can food companies put GM foods on the shelves of super markets knowing that not enough will be sold? Little does the public know, but about 60-70% of processed foods do contain genetically modified ingredients (Web MD). The FDA states that there is no new safety concerns introduced into the food (Harvard Law). The FDA’s purpose is to deem food safe or dangerous and whether or not the public should be eating it. The FDA constantly argues that there are no safety risks when eating GM Foods. The public needs to trust them on this topic just like they do with all other foods. As previously stated, most people are scared of the unknown, and in order to make this industry a well working one, consumers need to be in favor of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is safe. People are eating GM food at every meal and there have been no outbreaks of any diseases related to the introduction of GM food. Genetically modified food is the future. In developed countries, crop yield was increased by 6% and in undeveloped countries; crop yield was increased by 29% (Wikipedia). A very well known example of a genetically modified food is golden rice. It was introduced to the world as a solution to the extremity of morbidity from lack of vitamin A, iodine, iron, and zinc. The lack of these fundamental dietary components is the root cause of disease worldwide. Golden rice offers a solution that contains these lacking components. Many things can be made possible in the future with an increase in support for genetically modified food. If scientists were able to create a gene that could be put into all cultivated crops that would allow them to grow throughout the winter, they could end world hunger. World hunger being solved would mean one of the utmost impossible puzzles has been solved. The two things that most people would likely to fix in this world are world peace and an end to hunger worldwide. No this government can’t solve world peace. Yes this government and others do produce enough food to feed the every human on this planet. However, if enough cheaply grown crops were produced throughout the whole year, governments will be more inclined to try to feed the world. With climate change being a really evident effect from global warming, it is nearly impossible to predict what Mother Nature holds in store for mankind. With the technology available, the United States’ government must issue out more patents for scientists to increase and continue the research surrounding GM foods to make them the food of this world. The government should and would only issue out more patents to scientists if the United States’ consumers would buy GM food and support the industry. This is the sole reason that this federal government needs to make aware the public, of the advantages from GM foods.

Business Plan on Indoor Sports Complex

Type the inventory title Type the put d avouch subtitle Type the defraud of the document here. The abstract is typic eithery a petty digest of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typic some(prenominal)y a short summary of the contents of the document. 2013 3/28/2013 TabTable of Contents 1. 1 commerce Model7 1. 1. 1 ph aner Over control7 1. 1. 3 Objectives8 1. 1. 4 Mission8 1. 1. 5 Vision8 What is Futsal? 8 1. 1. 6 Facilities9 1. 1. 7 operate10 1. 1. 8 Pitch10 1. 1. 9 Sports investment firm10 1. 1. 10 Food greet10 1. 2. 1 Concept11 1. 2. 2 Location11 1. 2. management12 as sea lead Ownership12 1. 2. 4 Personnel12 2 The marting Plan13 2. 1 marketplace Analysis Summary13 2. 2 securities industry Segmentation14 Consumer Profile15 2. 3 Competition16 2. 3. 1 Competitive Edge16 2. 4 sales dodge17 2. 5 Pricing18 2. 6 gross revenue Strategy18 2. 7 gross revenue Forecast18 2. 8 advert Strategies19 Advertising and promotion19 2 . 9 Timeline20 3 Financials20 3. 1 Financing20 Start-up shoping21 3. 2 leadingtup Cost23 Start-up Requirements23 Pro Forma hard cash move23 4 Conclusions25 5 Bibliographies25 5. 1 Experiences25 LETTER of TRANSMITTAL certify 29, 2013 Taufique Hossain (TmT)Lecturer, School of business North entropy University Subject Submission of Group Report. sexual love Sir, It is a great pleasure for us to submit this sort come forward tell on interior Futsal. We, Group SHOWTIME subject palmed as a team up to prep ar the report as you instructed in the class. We argon mirthful to inform you that we redeem thoroughly basked workings with this group report. It has enabled us to seduce valuable k at a timel frame in and experience that would abet us in our c beer development. at that placefore, we would potpourrired to choose this probability to convey our profound regard for your valuable guidance and unbiased inspiration. withal you go off readBusiness Ethics Comp leavensWe hope you abandon for honor reading this paper. In presenting this report, we brace assay our level outdo to include e real terminal(predicate) the relevant ideas and the explanations to make the report illuminating and comprehensive. If you demand twain query regarding the variant of this project bungl innocent(p) to touch sensation us. Thank you for believing in us and giving us this wonderful opportunity. Yours Sincerely, tell ID Contact Number ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our scratch line acknowledge goes to the almighty Allah for giving us the patience and courage to finish this working class within its deadline.Then, we cordi al one and further(a) in anyy thank our reckon course instructor, Mr. Taufique Hossain for his continuous guidance and throw to make this report possible. He aid us whenever we needed any help. His humanity and liberality aid us to go further with this report without any unwarranted situation. We be deeply indebted to the deal who helped us in coming up with this authentic report by victorious dissever in the survey. It was essential in the preparation of this report. We would like to thank separately individual group member. Last save not the least we are rattling thankful to our family.Without their help this report would not be make so success skillful, specially our m some different(a)s. We thank them all for their love and trust. purpose maker Summary This would be an ideal opportunity to paraphrase that philosophy or so life story and death, and explain why taken in context, rather than flippantly flung squander beside a crime of humanity or a human tragedy, that in that respect is both equity and beauty in what footballis to a greater extent(prenominal) than just a punt. It is more authoritative than life and death, because its purely about life, which is eminently more important than death.But that is to pare the sen cadencent of its context, to be irresponsible with the words. football juicy is about what you are and how you meet the public, and nix at all to do with the futility of blow time considering death. football is about doing all that you tooshie, irrespective of what happens beyond your control. In this city, simply do we get the chance to act upon our heat, and level off more scarcely do office goers get to get their passion for football a intumesce-heeled. Thats where the beauty of indoor(a)(prenominal)(a)(a) futsal have intercourses in. Recognized by the FIFA as the authorized form of indoor football, it a star in its own castigates.It is bring inive for jejuneness and pith aged somatic officials, who set up exercise their passion for football pertinacious after the sun has gone down. after legion(predicate) arranged tour referencents in the unpremeditated indoor shimmers complexes, there begs to be an uprise solution for enthusiasts in this fluctuation. Thats where Sportsvana comes in. It bl curiositys virtues of traditionalistic football with an unprecedented package. We pull up stakes cristal a fully functioning sport store, sports rental, and forage court and foosball table at our premises. Of those who are just about grisly for football, we wish an immersive experience bar any new(prenominal).Even if you like a game in your playstation discontinue, we dare to convert you. On the some different side, it functions in its legal form as a farewellnership business, and its marketing channels, promotions and fiscal projections are maken in the proposal. We blend sophisticated marketing technique with a in truth unique USP, and our strong suit is be able bond with spate, world enthusiasts and players as well. That said, there is a need to get ahead the market to suit womens inevitably as well, and we allow for jut out to on a regular basis hosting womens futsal tournament, and make it as democratic as women basketball game or handball in this country.With the mission a nd imagery on our sight, we throw outnot that be hopeful of our future, twist a greater tomorrow with this harmonious sport. 1. 1 Organizational Plan 1. 1 Business Model After a straining twenty-four hours at the University or Office, legion(predicate) regard an even harder push in the welkin bliss. Football re meshs energy and revitalizes the juvenile- do souls, by completely tiring them out. Or 30 something office goers, who have unplowed their passion for football alight. capital of Bangladesh city is not a place throng arouse enjoy open handle. in that respect are too many plurality and too slight fields.In a hit-or-miss day, chances are you wont even get a place in the field. Thats where the need of an organised cho joysticke comes, the need of a sports complex, that testament organize the concernes for you, book a place in the field, whitethornbe run food and relaxation, all in a nice and congenial package. Thats where the need of Sportsvana comes. 1. 1. 1 Company Overview Sportsvana interior Futsal is the just indoor futsal installment in the Dhaka City commonwealth. The tribe of Dhaka City is 240,000 residents. Sportsvana has deuce professional-style, illuminate fields, (73 x 140) featuring Field greensward, for fast-action, fun futsal.No matter what the weather conditions is, day or dark, futsal players pull up stakes strike a safe, clean, and friendly atmosphere for futsal enjoyment. Several divisions for jejuneness, men, women, and coed propose all playersfrom puzzleners to highly expertnessedthe right environment for recreational except rivalrous futsal. League play is continuous category round. All compact participants are inevitable to become members of Sportsvana indoor(prenominal) Futsal. The annual fee is 3000 BDT. team up registration per academic session is 3500 BDT per hour. separately session has 10 games with championship awards being given to the archetypal off place team.In addition, skill s clinics are operable for beginning adults and those wishing to elaboration their skills. The deuce fields can alike be rented for practices, preseason and post-season team parties, camps, clinics, school alumna nights, fund raising tournaments, organized leagues and more. A futsal store is on site to take into account leading futsal brands to players, teams, leagues and schools. The preparation get out all overly have a small cafe that go away serve drinks, sandwiches, and pastry. Sportsvana is a fully integrated sports company that offers our clients, new-fashioned or old, a full range of sports forethought run from conceptualization stages to execution.We are well fit out with experience and trained rungs in ensuring that all of our clients needs are met to a prototype of excellence. We have the equipment to beneathtake all projects. Our experience encompasses events designed to allurement to exceptional(prenominal) targeted participants, events with appeal to the general frequent, events with merged appeal such(prenominal) as sponsorship and hospitality and events which we distinguish for clients. Often our management skills have to comprise one or more of these elements which are event creation, design and management, sponsorship, marketing and public relations and psycheality management.We offer corporations a solution to these problems. We are able to insure all the sporting needs Sportsvana indoor(a) Futsal projects that the center forget have more than 800 members, 30 adult teams and 30 offspring teams by the end of grade one. 1. 1. 3 Objectives The objectives for Sportsvana interior Futsal are the spare-time activity * get a eagle-eyed knack rank and file to more than 800. * enter 30 adult and 25 juvenility teams by the end of first social class of operation. * Develop set potential * magnify to Bashundhara by division 3 * Break-even by year 3 * Open new set in Uttara by year 5 1. 1. 4 MissionThe mission o f Sportsvana indoor(prenominal) Futsal is to provide Dhaka Ciyt residents with a progressive Futsal knack that lead enable both youth and adults to enjoy the sport of Futsal year round. We hope to evoke sense of adhere and hawkishness among students and even office-goers, who volition find nirvana through and through the game of Futsal and other sports, thus Sportsvana. 1. 1. 5 Vision Our vision is to build a harmonious course of instruction for youth and thirty somethings for a better future. What is Futsal? Futsal is a variant of Futsal that is play on a smaller render and brinyly contend indoors.Its name is derived from the Portuguese futebol de salao and the Spanish futbol de salon (colloquially futbol sala), which can be translated as hall Futsal or indoor Futsal. During the sports stand by world championships held in Madrid in 1985, the name futbol Sala was employ. Since then, all other names have been officially and internationally changed to futsal. Futsal (Five -a-Side Futsal) is The Way the realness Plays Indoor Futsal and is the international form of indoor Futsal approved by the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).It is played in all continents of the world by over coke countries with 12 million players. The pitch is made up of wood or bionic material, Yinghui Court, or similar surface, although any flat, silver and non-abrasive material whitethorn be used. The distance of the pitch is in the range of 3842 m (4246 yd), and the largeness is in the range of 1825 m in international tingees. For other matches, it can be 2542 m (2746 yd)in length, while the width can be 1525 m (1627 yd), as long as the length of the longer barrier lines (touchlines) are greater than the shorter boundaries where the deaths are fit(p) (goal lines).The ceiling must be at least 4 m (4 yd) high. A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of severally goal line. The inner edges of the tumid goal posts must be 3 m (3 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the level crossbar supported xx by the goal posts must be 2 m (2. 2 yd) above the ground. sort outs made of hemp, jute or nylon is attached to the back of the goalposts and crossbar. The lower part of the nets is attached to curved tubing or another suitable gist of support. The shrewdness of the goal is 80 cm at the authorise and 1 m at the bottom.Because the sport is a great skill developer, shooting quick reflexes, fast thinking and pin point passing, it is an exciting game for children as well as adults. The game is actually economical and safe, simple and fun to play. estimable by playing with the ball develops on the button ball control and technical skill, agility, lighten reflexes and decision making. As the balls have less bounce they tend to stay in play longer and promote scrawny ball control. After playing in enclosed playing fields and learning to think and contradict quickly, players find when they play to the full game they react wel l to a lower place pressure. contend in enclosed areas develops creativity players are excessively constantly placed in demanding decision making situations in enclosed areas which is a major reason why Futsal is one of the finest t severallyers of the quick pass and move. In Futsal it is very hard to defend against a team that is adept at this type of play. Playing the beautiful game of Futsal is developed through Futsal. 1. 1. 6 Facilities Sportsvana is an indoor court execute to provide futsal addicts and players to enjoy real time playing futsal with friends and family.We provide all the amneties for them in order to enjoy their futsal time. * We provide nigh importantly futsal court which is the turf, futsal balls, food serve place to relax and rest, and futsal equipments. * On top of that, we take jersey orders for teams which is interested to do when there is any tournament organized by us * We provide horse barn for sporting goods related to futsal and excercising gear * We take on the spot orders for custom-made jerseys, team jerseys, sports memorabilia and other items related to other sports s well * A stacked food court EPL matches on projector and 51 medicine system * Shower and changing room * 2 foosball tables * Membership cards, which provide a discount at match impairments and an sms derived SMART system which allows to book matches and see timetables. It forget similarly allow you to be listed as a player, reviewing you lifetime scores, passes made, assists and miles run. * Games videography assists and many more to come.. 1. 1. 7 SERVICES 4 Futsal Pitches (Turf, Decoflex, Herculan & Parquet Pitches on the build induction) . 2 International Size basketball game Courts converted Parquet Pitches.We provide only the dress hat Futsal Balls, Excellent pitch conditions, smasher Galleries, Lounge Area with Tables,Shower / Changing & Rest populate (Male & Female),Fans/ spread over Fans, Sports unwrap, Well stocked Food/Snacks/ scum Cr eam & Drinks, Booking services, EPL on Astro & Projectors. 1. 1. 8 Pitch Our pitch is converted from basketball court to futsal field. The lines and dimension of a futsal field is roughly the same of a basketball court. But additional measures allow be taken in plate of tournament, as white powder pass on be applied to name an international standard pitch. there are no walls around the Abahani easiness. there is a wall along the middle school Field, but as per game rules, mobilize on walls is not allowed. The pitch go forth brag 51 music system with songs on request. 1. 1. 9 Sports entrepot There go forth be a small sport store on the facility for impulse buyers. It provide feature * Latest jerseys of international and national teams * Futsal equipment such as turf shoes, balls, shorts and socks * Football memorabilia * Small selection of boots * Custom T-shirts Also the store bequeath feature an area where you can order your custom jerseys and order sports equipment to specification 1. . 10 Food Court On the surroundings of the courts there will be a food and boozing area where users of the facility can replenish their bodies. This area has been placed so the users may have a birds-eye view of the happenings on the courts while enjoying their favorite non-alcoholic drinkable and/or snack. Included in this area will be a volumed screen TV that will show sporting events, sports news, or appropriate programs those users wishes to watch. This vista of the facility will be crucial in providing the desired atmosphere The absolute Courts hopes to create. A qualified, experienced somebody will be hired to run this grimace of the facility. He/she will have the tariff to meet necessary standards and to report to, and work forthwith with the general partners to make sure the needs of the users in this area are met. If additional ply are required, this person will hire and train those mint in accordance with The imperious Courts policies. * A fast -food menu featuring subs, rolls, burgers and egg averaged products. There is also a counter for wellness drinks and protein bars. * EPL matches in projectors on selected days * 2 Foosball tables 1. 2 Administrative Plan . 2. 1 Concept This indoor sports facility will be equipped with 2 full international-sized Futsal courts converted from concrete basketball ground. This facility will also be equipped with lighting poles to enable evening and night play. many another(prenominal) value-added facilities will be provided to our customers such as, lockers, female and male changing rooms with showers amenities, a small cafe, parking and free Wi-fi access. As a social dash today, the atmosphere that we are trying to create is towards a greener and healthier environment and life style with eco-friendly facilities (energy saving lights and water).In the tight and congested lieu of Dhaka City, few places remain which can provide this sort of facility session basis or at a rent. We have chosen the following areas for our base of operations. 1. 2. 2 Location * Our first and aboriginal location will be the Abahani Indoor Basketball ground, fully equipped with light poles, bars and equipment to be made into a futsal pitch. The Abahani is also equipped with knockout stands, changing room, aloofness for stalls and parking. * This location can be had for rent or lease if it doesnt serve any other primary purpose. For example, if it doesnt have any Basketball matches on that very particular time. For our secondary base, we have chosen the Dhaka University indoor games facility, with its basketball ground which can be converted into a futsal pitch. It lacks spectator stands, but it makes up in damage of practice space. * The outdoor futsal facility of the Abahani scene of action will also be used. sign plans are to turn to the Abahani Indoor Sports facility, in Dhanmondi. The facility will be taken on daily rent basis. The dates will be flexible according to the ba sketball timetable the facility has. It also has an outdoor futsal facility which will be used in turns. The Dhaka University Indoor games field will also be used simultaneously.We have future plans to expand to Bashundhara and build our own facility in Uttara. 1. 2. 3 Management Company Ownership Our business will be fully owned by the partners. The business will maintain a multiple proprietorship status for at least the first two long time of operation. The initial management team for The Supreme Courts depends mainly on the general partners. leave alone stay within their expertise in streamlet the day-to-day operations of the facility such as scheduling, marketing, and promotions, along with running and developing different leagues and programs for the community.Back-up for the general partners will include staff members who will compensate for the founders lack of experience in each area. The business projects that the Abahani facility will be so public that a second indoor operation will be established in the nearby Bashundhara. At that time the business will stir up to become an S Corporation. The ownership manikin will be based on partnership, and a rotational basis Managing collaborator will be selected for overseeing administrative duties. Our organizational structure is as follows Financial incumbent (outsourced) 1. 2. 4 PersonnelThe personnel of Sportsvana Indoor Futsal are as follows * Manager (managing partner) * Asst manager (2 other partners) * elder staff (2) * Staff (2) * Store staff person (1) * coffee bar staff (2). A janitorial service will be contracted to clean the facility. But well-nigh of the maintenance work will be done by the Abahani field staff. A chart of their expected salary and skill is given below Post lucre (expected) Qualification Managing Partner Subjective to loot/Loss Asst. Manager (partner) Subjective to win/Loss Senior Staff 16,000 H. S. C Staff 13,000 H.S. C Store staff 8,000 H. S. C Cafeteria Staff 7, 000 H. S. C The stripped working hours will be 3 hours to a maximum of 8 hours. The facility will run from prior accounts. 2 The marketing Plan 2. 1 Market Analysis Summary Futsal is a popular sport in Dhaka. on-goingly there are 6,000 children dynamic in the youth Futsal leagues, and 3,000 adults participating in theadult league. The design of players is growing dramatically. There are two factors that are impacting the popularity of Futsal. * The first is the large payoff of children in the county under the age of 12.There are approximately 30,000 children in the city under the age of 12. The projection is that the percentage of children under the age of 12 will strain to grow for the next five years. The close popular sport with this age group is football. * The second factor is the growing get of young people between the ages of 24 35 that are participating in team sports. Participation incoed football has growthd by 20% each year for the past three years. The demand f or fields has led to the city building 2 new playing fields this year. Adult outdoor football league has grown by 50% over the past two years. truely, there are12 adult league teams participating in the outdoor city Futsal league. * The rise in the scene of UNDERGROUND football scene is a sign of the emanation popularity of football. There has been a significant make up in the underground tournaments held each year. There hasnt been any organized look for to blend the events from all localities to a genius mega event. * There has been a significant increase in football among office workers and corporate players. 2. 2 Market Segmentation 1. spend Warriors an important market part for The Sportsvanawill is the spend warriors.These people dont like to be locked into semipermanent commitments but like the freedom to come and go when the opportunity presents itself. These people will be a target market for special promotions and periodic activities. These people may include corpo rate players and tournament teams. 2. Families this is a smaller, but important market segment for our facility. We have something for everyone and that will attract families that postulate to become members of the facility as well as families who simply want a few hours of fun every now and again.These people will also be the main target for summer camps and activities that allow for fun and education for the children while the parents enjoy some relatively cheap babysitting. 3. Senior Citizens this market segment will be our fastest growing market as more fourth-year citizens are restrained to Henderson than any other group. When provided with health promoting programs, senior citizens are willing to participate overdue to the new focus on sensible activity and the constant encouragement from family and physicians. In fact, this group was the fastest growing auberge membership segment over the last 10 years according to **.It grew up to four times faster than other segments . 4. Students Another small market segment, students will be attracted to use this facility for various purposes without the pressure or hassle of a required membership. The simple daily move into fee will make The Sportsvana a very attractive place for these people. We have made an age chart to better understand our target customers. Consumer Profile Provided the information we have accumulated and psychological compose of our customers, we have done a consumer profile of our customers. We will focus on the following target customers * Youths, ages 6-14 years of age. Adults, ages 24-35 years of age. 2. 3 Competition The competition of Sportsvana is not through lay competitors, but through means of other organizers of the sport. They are 1. The Abahani Field The immense Abahani Field, in which you can play for free, is one of our biggest competitors. But they lack in space and you might often struggle to find a place. 2. Organizers of events These people satisfy our main target customers, the weekend warriors. This might be a tough call to attract players who are committed to a tournament. WE can analyze the market with Porters Five forces 2. 3. 1 Competitive EdgeThe Sportsvanas competitive edge is twofold. First, The Supreme Courts is the only complex that offers 2 full-size basketball courts that are gettable for the members and the community to use and/or rent. On top of this, the scope and variation of the programs that will be run from this facility are unmatched by any other club in the area. The second part of our competitive edge is the location, size, and appearance of the facility that will attract many people into the complex. By maintaining our focus in our strategy, marketing, program development, and fulfillment, The Sportsvana willbe known as the top sports club in Dhaka.We should be aware however, that our competitive edge may be diluted if we become self-satisfied in our program development and implementation. It will be important for u s to cargo area up with the current trends in both sport and fitness programs. 2. 4 gross sales Strategy Sales in the sport and are based on the services and amenities provided by the facility. The something for everyone slogan fits perfectly with us. All of the users of our facility must sense of smell like they are getting the ruff possible value for their money. If there is a better value, for equal services, we will match or beat that value for our customers.Each person desiring a membership at Sportsvana will be able to sit down with a representative and be notified of all of their membership options. During this brief discussion, the person will be also being apprised of all of the services, programs, and amenities we have to offer. It will be important to establish a relationship of trust with our members as membership retention is an important aspect in our business. 2. 5 Pricing Sportsvana isan indoor Futsal facility that offers league play, Futsal training and a Futs al shop. The facility is also available to be rented out for special events.The following is the fee schedule * Annual Facility Membership 3000 BDT * Team Registration per Session 15000 BDT * Facility letting Fee Member300 BDT/hr, Non-Member 450 BDT/hr * Skill Clinic Fees Range from 3000 BDT (per week)for children, to 12000 BDT for groups They areled by Futsal skill instructors with A take aim Coaching Certification. The skill clinics are geared toward the novice who wants to improve their Futsal skills. The facility also has aFutsal shop that moves the very best in Futsal gear, indoor and outdoor. The shophasthe best selection of turf shoes available in the city.Membership * Membership Fee Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will offer a 25% discount on membership fees for the first six months. * Team Fee The team fee will be reduce by 1000 BDT if the team registers originally the early sign-up deadline. In addition, we will sell the facility rental potential to local schools, corporate , and civic organizations. 2. 6 Sales Strategy Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will sell the indoor facility to the current outdoor Futsal teams. We will operate a booth at the citys Futsal fields on the weekends for the two months onwards Sportsvana opens.In addition, we will call the team captains and coaches directly and sell the quality and convenience of the facility. Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will offer membership pass judgment for field rental to these teams to get them in the facility. Spring is notorious for poor field conditions prior to the beginning of the Futsal season. During the first two weekends in April, Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will offer free indoor Futsal clinics for children and adults. 2. 7 Sales Forecast The following is the sales think for the next three years. The clinics, cafe,and the Futsal shopwill have direct cost of sales.The clinics will be hiring the coaches to lead the clinics. The Futsal shops direct cost will be the wholesale price of the shops invento ry. Sportsvana Indoor Futsal will make a strong push to expand league play in the summer. The summer is unremarkably softball and baseball season andonly competitive Futsal teams play during the summer months. These competitive teams represent only 10% of young Futsal players. The outdoor adults Futsal leagues also dont operate during the summer months, leaving a large build of recreational Futsal players with opportunity to play.The only decompress period for sales will be in November and December. Though league sessions end in mid-November, December has proven to be a poor month to begin a new league session. 2. 8 Advertising Strategies Channel 3 is called a direct-marketing channel, since it has no intermediary levels. In this case the manufacturer sells directly to customers. An example of a direct marketing channel would be a factory outlet store. Many holiday companies also market direct to consumers, bypassing a traditional retail intermediary the travel agent. Advertisi ng and promotionA mixture of advertisements and networking will be used to increase visibility for Sportsvana. In first we will be focused on introducing the product. The advertisement will be done on different media e. g. television, newspaper and billboard to make people aware of the product. Our promotional activity will be focused on timing. We have devised the following timeframes We will use these following channels of marketing, to be elaborated on the presentation * insurrectionist Marketing we will use graffiti, flyers and unperceivable messaging * Posters it will be our majority promotional activity Flyers To accompany the posters * Facebook scalawag It will help us create a direct relationship with our members. 2. 9 Timeline We have etched out a specific time line for our objectives. 3 Financials 3. 1 Financing Our total capitalisation from the 3 partners will be 70 lakhs. We will raise another 50 lakhs through loans and angel investors. Start-up Funding Start-up Exp enses to Fund 7,845,000 Start-up Assets to Fund 336,500 entireness Funding unavoidable 8181500 Assets Non-cash Assets from Start-up $0 exchange Requirements from Start-up 336,500 Additional coin Raised $0Cash relief on Starting Date 336,500 summation Assets 336,500 Liabilities and keen Liabilities Current Borrowing $0 long Liabilities 5,000,000 Accounts Payable (Outstanding Bills) $0 other(a) Current Liabilities (interest-free) $0 get Liabilities 5,000,000 Capital plotted investment funds Investor 1 100,000 Investor 2 100,000 Investor 3 100,000 Other 200,000 Additional Investment Requirement $0 summate Planned Investment 5,000,000 Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses) 7,845,000 Total Capital (913,500) Total Capital and Liabilities 336,500Total Funding 12,000,000 General Assumptions social class 1 Year 2 Year 3Plan Month 1 2 3Current Interest order 10. 00%10. 00 10. 00% long-term Interest Rate 10. 00%10. 00 10. 00%Tax Rate 16. 25%15. 00 16. 25%Other 0003. 2 Startup Cost Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses Legal(Including business apprehensiveness with Abahani) 545,000 Brochures 50,000 Insurance 500,000Rent 4,000,000 Soccer Shop Setup 1,500,000 Field Installation 45,000 Cafe 800,000 Total Start-up Expenses 7,845,000 Start-up Assets 150,000 Cash Required 336,500 Start-up caudex 25,000 Other Current Assets 25,000 Long-term Assets 100,000 Total Assets 336,500 Total Requirements 8181500 Pro Forma Cash Flow Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Cash reliableCash from trading operations Cash Sales Cash from Receivables Subtotal Cash from trading operations Additional Cash Received Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Received New Current Borrowing Sales of Other Current Assets Sales of Long-term Assets New Long-term Liabilities New Investment Received Subtotal Cash Received Expenditures from Operations Cash spending Bill Payments Subtotal Spent on Operations Additional Cash Spent Sales Tax, VAT, HST/GST Paid Out straits quittance of Current Borrowing Other Liabilities Principal refund Long-term Liabilities Principal Repayment grease ones palms Other Current Assets Purchase Long-term Assets Subtotal Cash Spent Net Cash Flow Cash balance 4 Conclusions Sportsvana in an idea toss by a group of late-teens. It was enforced in some tournaments. It hasnt yet caught on, the idea of playing any kind of football indoors. But those who have played the tournaments can vouch that it was the one of the nearly action packed, fun and tiring game of their life. We can proudly say that we will cater to a group, who will be sports buffs, and hold football to their hearts. So, in essence, our USP not lies in our proposition or uniqueness, it is how we release everything in a delightful package.Whether you are a high school teen, or a battle hardened corporate officer, deliverance is something we hand out in spades. 5 Bibliographies 1. http//www. startupbizhub. com/How-to-Start-a-S porting-Goods-Store. htm 2. http//playersindoornaperville. com/facility/ 3. http//www. socceramerica. com/article/49102/a-plan-to-spur-pick-up-play. hypertext mark-up language 4. http//www. smallbusinessbrief. com/forum/showthread. php? t=15420 5. http//www. freebie-articles. com/Art/74396/9/Start-up-your-own-indoor-soccer-business. html 5. 1 Experiences An indoor futsal tournament organized in the Dhaka University Indoor Stadium